{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409155784","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2025.3558013","title":"IOPS: A Unified SpMM Accelerator Based on Inner-Outer-Hybrid Product","display_name":"IOPS: A Unified SpMM Accelerator Based on Inner-Outer-Hybrid Product","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-04-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409155784","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2025.3558013"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tc.2025.3558013","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2025.3558013","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157670870","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","issn_l":"0018-9340","issn":["0018-9340","1557-9956","2326-3814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100764841","display_name":"Wenhao Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6118-8174"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenhao Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","School of Microelectronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6118-8174","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101669107","display_name":"Wendi Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3198-2345"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wendi Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","School of Microelectronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3198-2345","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Song Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0341-3428"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Song Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["MoE Key Laboratory of Brain-Inspired Intelligent Perception and Cognition, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","MoE Key Laboratory of Brain-inspired Intelligent Perception and Cognition, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0341-3428","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MoE Key Laboratory of Brain-Inspired Intelligent Perception and Cognition, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MoE Key Laboratory of Brain-inspired Intelligent Perception and Cognition, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033886915","display_name":"Yi Kang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5487-6855"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["MoE Key Laboratory of Brain-Inspired Intelligent Perception and Cognition, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","MoE Key Laboratory of Brain-inspired Intelligent Perception and Cognition, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5487-6855","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MoE Key Laboratory of Brain-Inspired Intelligent Perception and Cognition, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MoE Key Laboratory of Brain-inspired Intelligent Perception and Cognition, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.03102071,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"74","issue":"7","first_page":"2210","last_page":"2222"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11044","display_name":"Particle Detector Development and Performance","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11044","display_name":"Particle Detector Development and Performance","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11181","display_name":"Advanced Data Storage Technologies","score":0.9843000173568726,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9825999736785889,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5469985604286194}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5469985604286194}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tc.2025.3558013","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2025.3558013","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157670870","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","issn_l":"0018-9340","issn":["0018-9340","1557-9956","2326-3814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.46000000834465027,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1085865041","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"92473114","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1512387364","https://openalex.org/W1980282429","https://openalex.org/W2003168947","https://openalex.org/W2008857988","https://openalex.org/W2010370862","https://openalex.org/W2014555481","https://openalex.org/W2020545624","https://openalex.org/W2089939118","https://openalex.org/W2095249664","https://openalex.org/W2153959628","https://openalex.org/W2168190036","https://openalex.org/W2794952988","https://openalex.org/W2807021761","https://openalex.org/W2953212265","https://openalex.org/W2991216808","https://openalex.org/W3016832937","https://openalex.org/W3017228913","https://openalex.org/W3031930374","https://openalex.org/W3103168911","https://openalex.org/W3105753905","https://openalex.org/W3157609068","https://openalex.org/W3212852614","https://openalex.org/W4224612674","https://openalex.org/W4280551927","https://openalex.org/W4364295730","https://openalex.org/W4376123125","https://openalex.org/W4377715555","https://openalex.org/W4390678101","https://openalex.org/W6638051875","https://openalex.org/W6726873649","https://openalex.org/W6738964360","https://openalex.org/W6744271739","https://openalex.org/W6754929296"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Sparse":[0],"matrix":[1,47,52,80],"multiplication":[2,48,53],"(SpMM)":[3],"is":[4,160],"widely":[5],"applied":[6],"to":[7,108,162],"numerous":[8],"domains,":[9],"such":[10],"as":[11],"graph":[12],"processing":[13],"and":[14,67,85,113,127,142,177,188],"machine":[15],"learning.":[16],"However,":[17],"inner":[18],"product":[19,31,73],"(IP)":[20,141],"induces":[21],"redundant":[22],"zero-element":[23,87],"computing":[24,104],"for":[25,58,62],"mismatched":[26],"nonzero":[27],"operands,":[28],"while":[29],"outer":[30],"(OP)":[32],"lacks":[33],"input":[34,79,132,165],"reuse":[35],"across":[36],"Process":[37],"Elements":[38],"(PEs).":[39],"Besides,":[40],"current":[41],"accelerators":[42],"only":[43],"focus":[44],"on":[45,95,168],"sparse-sparse":[46],"(SSMM)":[49],"or":[50],"sparse-dense":[51],"(SDMM),":[54],"rarely":[55],"performing":[56],"efficiently":[57,109],"both.":[59],"To":[60],"compensate":[61],"the":[63,78,117,131,143,150,164,174],"shortcomings":[64],"of":[65],"IP":[66,84],"OP,":[68],"we":[69,97,184],"propose":[70],"an":[71,156],"inner-outer-hybrid":[72],"(IOHP)":[74],"method,":[75],"which":[76],"reuses":[77],"among":[81,137],"PEs":[82,138],"with":[83,89,101,182,192],"removes":[86],"calculations":[88],"OP":[90],"in":[91,149],"each":[92],"PE.":[93],"Based":[94],"IOHP,":[96],"co-design":[98],"a":[99,102],"accelerator":[100],"unified":[103],"flow,":[105],"called":[106],"IOPS,":[107],"process":[110],"both":[111],"SSMM":[112],"SDMM.":[114],"It":[115],"divides":[116],"SpMM":[118],"into":[119],"three":[120],"stages:":[121],"encoding,":[122],"partial":[123],"sum":[124],"(psum)":[125],"calculation,":[126],"address":[128],"mapping,":[129],"where":[130],"matrices":[133,166],"can":[134,146],"be":[135,147],"reused":[136],"after":[139],"encoding":[140],"zero":[144],"element":[145],"skipped":[148],"latter":[151],"two":[152],"stages":[153],"(OP).":[154],"Furthermore,":[155],"adaptive":[157],"partition":[158],"strategy":[159],"proposed":[161],"tile":[163],"based":[167],"their":[169],"sparsity":[170],"ratios,":[171],"effectively":[172],"utilizing":[173],"on-chip":[175],"storage":[176],"reducing":[178],"DRAM":[179,194],"access.":[180],"Compared":[181],"SpArch,":[183],"achieve":[185],"1.2\u00d7~4.3\u00d7":[186],"performance":[187],"1.3\u00d7~4.8\u00d7":[189],"energy":[190],"efficiency,":[191],"1.4\u00d7~2.1\u00d7":[193],"access":[195],"saving.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}