{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4407376400","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2025.3540656","title":"$\\mathsf{Aurora}$Aurora: Leaderless State-Machine Replication With High Throughput","display_name":"$\\mathsf{Aurora}$Aurora: Leaderless State-Machine Replication With High Throughput","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-02-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4407376400","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2025.3540656"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tc.2025.3540656","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2025.3540656","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157670870","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","issn_l":"0018-9340","issn":["0018-9340","0016-9340","1557-9956","2326-3814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100537728","display_name":"Hao Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3783-1348"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3783-1348","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100659367","display_name":"Jian Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2636-5561"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jian Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2636-5561","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5105297718","display_name":"Kui Ren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1969-2591"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kui Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1969-2591","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.01869267,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"74","issue":"5","first_page":"1690","last_page":"1701"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11005","display_name":"Radiation Effects in Electronics","score":0.9865000247955322,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.628646731376648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.58338463306427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/replication","display_name":"Replication (statistics)","score":0.514865517616272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.4306556284427643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3290027678012848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.21715104579925537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.14559242129325867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12802496552467346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.07596364617347717}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.628646731376648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.58338463306427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12590798","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3933199","display_name":"Replication (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.514865517616272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4306556284427643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3290027678012848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.21715104579925537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.14559242129325867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12802496552467346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.07596364617347717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tc.2025.3540656","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2025.3540656","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157670870","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","issn_l":"0018-9340","issn":["0018-9340","0016-9340","1557-9956","2326-3814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8544465538","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023YFB2704000","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W128882295","https://openalex.org/W1991153938","https://openalex.org/W2029467255","https://openalex.org/W2035362408","https://openalex.org/W2038562061","https://openalex.org/W2067740651","https://openalex.org/W2075854425","https://openalex.org/W2106004025","https://openalex.org/W2115978880","https://openalex.org/W2119795353","https://openalex.org/W2136349230","https://openalex.org/W2143149536","https://openalex.org/W2293633413","https://openalex.org/W2534313446","https://openalex.org/W2609142371","https://openalex.org/W2890933237","https://openalex.org/W2894495465","https://openalex.org/W2962756066","https://openalex.org/W3046841722","https://openalex.org/W3096691500","https://openalex.org/W3100217861","https://openalex.org/W3137759927","https://openalex.org/W3158781877","https://openalex.org/W3207474968","https://openalex.org/W4220883364","https://openalex.org/W4387321129","https://openalex.org/W6600505298","https://openalex.org/W6628787939","https://openalex.org/W6638279287","https://openalex.org/W6648576785","https://openalex.org/W6676265505","https://openalex.org/W6682904396","https://openalex.org/W6686169942","https://openalex.org/W6773786445"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4404501470","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W4205713785"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"State-machine":[0],"replication":[1],"(SMR)":[2],"allows":[3],"a":[4,12,21,31,43,58,69,92,114,146,155,178],"deterministic":[5],"state":[6],"machine":[7],"to":[8,33,66,68,80,132,189],"be":[9],"replicated":[10],"across":[11],"set":[13],"of":[14,120,158,180],"replicas":[15],"and":[16,36,60,163],"handle":[17],"clients\u2019":[18],"requests":[19,35],"as":[20],"single":[22],"machine.":[23],"Most":[24],"existing":[25],"SMR":[26,95],"protocols":[27],"are":[28],"leader-based":[29],"requiring":[30],"leader":[32,56],"order":[34],"coordinate":[37],"the":[38,48,52,55,77,83,102,121,196],"protocol.":[39,84,123],"This":[40],"design":[41],"places":[42],"disproportionately":[44],"high":[45],"load":[46],"on":[47],"leader,":[49,115],"inevitably":[50],"impairing":[51],"scalability.":[53],"If":[54],"fails,":[57],"complex":[59],"bug-prone":[61],"fail-over":[62,78,122],"protocol":[63,79],"is":[64],"needed":[65],"switch":[67],"new":[70],"leader.":[71],"An":[72],"adversary":[73],"can":[74,129],"also":[75],"exploit":[76],"slow":[81],"down":[82],"<p":[85,151],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[86,152],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">In":[87],"this":[88],"paper,":[89],"we":[90],"propose":[91],"crash-fault":[93],"tolerant":[94],"named":[96],"<inline-formula><tex-math":[97,133,159,173],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\mathsf{Aurora}$</tex-math><alternatives><mml:math><mml:mrow><mml:mi":[98,160,174],"mathvariant=\"sans-serif\">Aurora</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math><inline-graphic":[99,161,175],"xlink:href=\"liu-ieq2-3540656.gif\"/></alternatives></inline-formula>,":[100],"with":[101],"following":[103],"properties:":[104],"<list":[105],"list-type=\"bullet\">":[106],"<list-item>":[107,125,138],"<label>\u2022</label>":[108,126,139],"Leaderless:":[109],"it":[110,128,141],"does":[111],"not":[112],"require":[113],"hence":[116],"completely":[117],"get":[118],"rid":[119],"</list-item>":[124,137],"Scalable:":[127],"scale":[130],"up":[131,188],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$11$</tex-math><alternatives><mml:math><mml:mn>11</mml:mn></mml:math><inline-graphic":[134],"xlink:href=\"liu-ieq3-3540656.gif\"/></alternatives></inline-formula>":[135],"replicas.":[136],"Robust:":[140],"behaves":[142],"well":[143],"even":[144],"under":[145],"poor":[147],"network":[148],"connection.":[149],"</list-item></list>":[150],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">We":[153],"provide":[154],"full-fledged":[156],"implementation":[157],"xlink:href=\"liu-ieq4-3540656.gif\"/></alternatives></inline-formula>":[162],"systematically":[164],"evaluate":[165],"its":[166],"performance.":[167],"Our":[168],"benchmark":[169],"results":[170],"show":[171],"that":[172],"xlink:href=\"liu-ieq5-3540656.gif\"/></alternatives></inline-formula>":[176],"achieves":[177],"throughput":[179],"around":[181],"two":[182],"million":[183],"Transactions":[184],"Per":[185],"Second":[186],"(TPS),":[187],"8.7<inline-formula><tex-math":[190],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\boldsymbol{\\times}$</tex-math><alternatives><mml:math><mml:mo":[191],"mathvariant=\"bold\">\u00d7</mml:mo></mml:math><inline-graphic":[192],"xlink:href=\"liu-ieq6-3540656.gif\"/></alternatives></inline-formula>":[193],"higher":[194],"than":[195],"state-of-the-art":[197],"leaderless":[198],"SMR.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-12-28T23:10:05.387466","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}