{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406094631","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2025.3525610","title":"High-Precision Error Bit Prediction for 3D QLC NAND Flash Memory: Observations, Analysis, and\u00a0Modeling","display_name":"High-Precision Error Bit Prediction for 3D QLC NAND Flash Memory: Observations, Analysis, and\u00a0Modeling","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406094631","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2025.3525610"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tc.2025.3525610","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2025.3525610","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157670870","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","issn_l":"0018-9340","issn":["0018-9340","1557-9956","2326-3814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110030893","display_name":"Guo\u2010Sheng Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7498-8922"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Guangkuo Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100437761","display_name":"Meng Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6992-3722"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meng Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056002620","display_name":"Peng Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6566-0881"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135812","display_name":"Sinochem Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/03x8vck69","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210135812"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peng Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shandong Sinochip Semiconductors Company Ltd., Shandong, P. R. China","Shandong Sinochip Semiconductors Co., Ltd, P. R. China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong Sinochip Semiconductors Company Ltd., Shandong, P. R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135812"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong Sinochip Semiconductors Co., Ltd, P. R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135812"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079714352","display_name":"Xuepeng Zhan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1701-9301"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuepeng Zhan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China","State Key Laboratory of High-End Server & Storage Technology, Jinan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of High-End Server & Storage Technology, Jinan, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101285367","display_name":"Yang Shaoqi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2821-579X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaoqi Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100302652","display_name":"Xiaohuan Zhao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaohuan Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xinyi Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9037-3967"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinyi Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007540712","display_name":"Pengpeng Sang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8071-3024"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pengpeng Sang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089119173","display_name":"Jixuan Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3207-9724"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jixuan Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062125860","display_name":"Fei Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9746-4714"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138186","display_name":"Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/03c9ncn37","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138186"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fei Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138186","https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035943534","display_name":"Jiezhi Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2996-1406"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiezhi Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":11,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5110030893"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":12.7764,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98403461,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"74","issue":"4","first_page":"1392","last_page":"1404"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11181","display_name":"Advanced Data Storage Technologies","score":0.9912999868392944,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11181","display_name":"Advanced Data Storage Technologies","score":0.9912999868392944,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14249","display_name":"Water Quality Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.9154000282287598,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2311","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10472","display_name":"Semiconductor materials and devices","score":0.9032999873161316,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6945729851722717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bit","display_name":"Bit (key)","score":0.5588127970695496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nand-gate","display_name":"NAND gate","score":0.5431506037712097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flash","display_name":"Flash (photography)","score":0.46895092725753784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.17106428742408752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logic-gate","display_name":"Logic gate","score":0.16882026195526123}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6945729851722717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117011727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1278488","display_name":"Bit (key)","level":2,"score":0.5588127970695496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124296912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q575178","display_name":"NAND gate","level":3,"score":0.5431506037712097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777526259","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221836","display_name":"Flash (photography)","level":2,"score":0.46895092725753784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.17106428742408752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131017901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170451","display_name":"Logic gate","level":2,"score":0.16882026195526123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tc.2025.3525610","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2025.3525610","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157670870","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","issn_l":"0018-9340","issn":["0018-9340","1557-9956","2326-3814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1421334558","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62034006","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1500950123","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U23B2040","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G229158256","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"92264201","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2628647534","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62102156","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3642759932","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U22A2071","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5701002811","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62372197","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G599531952","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U2001203","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8072297921","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"GZC20231435","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1994679716","https://openalex.org/W2000671386","https://openalex.org/W2017657360","https://openalex.org/W2043287599","https://openalex.org/W2128332839","https://openalex.org/W2282078620","https://openalex.org/W2524846051","https://openalex.org/W2620932623","https://openalex.org/W2742227745","https://openalex.org/W2766342672","https://openalex.org/W2905076876","https://openalex.org/W2910469155","https://openalex.org/W2938812810","https://openalex.org/W2945778171","https://openalex.org/W2946710960","https://openalex.org/W2962844766","https://openalex.org/W2996877977","https://openalex.org/W2999023107","https://openalex.org/W3016222686","https://openalex.org/W3039272518","https://openalex.org/W3088188429","https://openalex.org/W3093982999","https://openalex.org/W3118128283","https://openalex.org/W3157913347","https://openalex.org/W3161330000","https://openalex.org/W3197162394","https://openalex.org/W4205852860","https://openalex.org/W4225305080","https://openalex.org/W4288457740","https://openalex.org/W4308084486","https://openalex.org/W4312973582","https://openalex.org/W4318580636","https://openalex.org/W4361982787","https://openalex.org/W4377694749","https://openalex.org/W4385212842","https://openalex.org/W4386970355","https://openalex.org/W4390337054","https://openalex.org/W4391183748","https://openalex.org/W4393217868","https://openalex.org/W6838962105"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4327546585","https://openalex.org/W2411923897","https://openalex.org/W2054139911","https://openalex.org/W1577524679","https://openalex.org/W2162027152","https://openalex.org/W2489439822","https://openalex.org/W4237143391"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,95],"the":[1,24,34,82,91,114,129,145,150,159,181],"age":[2],"of":[3,17,50,124,184],"artificial":[4],"intelligence,":[5],"large":[6,46],"language":[7],"models":[8,161],"(LLM)":[9],"require":[10],"rapid":[11],"development":[12],"along":[13],"with":[14,113],"massive":[15],"volumes":[16],"training":[18],"data":[19,66,171],"and":[20,45,56,89,136,149],"parameter":[21],"storage.":[22],"Over":[23],"past":[25],"decade,":[26],"3D":[27,52,59,108],"NAND":[28,60,72,110,186],"flash":[29,61,73,111],"memory":[30,37,62,112],"has":[31,63],"emerged":[32],"as":[33],"dominant":[35],"non-volatile":[36],"technology":[38],"due":[39],"to":[40,70,79,169],"its":[41,51],"high":[42],"bit":[43,76],"density":[44],"capacity.":[47],"However,":[48],"because":[49],"vertical":[53],"stacking":[54],"technique":[55],"array":[57],"designs,":[58],"more":[64,93],"complicated":[65],"loss":[67],"mechanisms":[68],"compared":[69],"2D":[71],"memory.":[74],"As":[75],"densities":[77],"rise":[78],"Quad-level-cells":[80],"(QLC),":[81],"small":[83],"read":[84,133],"margins":[85],"will":[86],"further":[87],"complicate":[88],"make":[90],"situation":[92],"unpredictable.":[94],"this":[96,105],"work,":[97],"we":[98,143],"propose":[99],"an":[100],"error-bit":[101,130,167],"prediction":[102,147,152,168],"model":[103],"in":[104,173],"paper":[106],"for":[107,165],"QLC":[109],"charge-trap":[115],"(CT)":[116],"cell":[117],"structure":[118],"based":[119,179],"on":[120,180],"a":[121],"thorough":[122],"analysis":[123],"multiple":[125],"parameters":[126],"that":[127,158],"affect":[128],"distributions,":[131],"including":[132],"disturb":[134],"(RD)":[135],"degradation":[137],"from":[138],"program/erase":[139],"(PE)":[140],"cycles.":[141],"Specifically,":[142],"develop":[144],"whole-block":[146],"(WBP)":[148],"dynamic-worst-page":[151],"(DWPM)":[153],"models.":[154],"It":[155],"is":[156],"shown":[157],"proposed":[160],"can":[162],"be":[163],"used":[164,175],"high-precision":[166],"guarantee":[170],"reliability":[172],"commonly":[174],"NAND-based":[176],"storage":[177],"systems":[178],"characterization":[182],"results":[183],"raw":[185],"chips.":[187]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}