{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4405441336","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2024.3517751","title":"Hardware Accelerated Vision Transformer via Heterogeneous Architecture Design and Adaptive Dataflow Mapping","display_name":"Hardware Accelerated Vision Transformer via Heterogeneous Architecture Design and Adaptive Dataflow Mapping","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-12-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4405441336","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2024.3517751"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tc.2024.3517751","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2024.3517751","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157670870","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","issn_l":"0018-9340","issn":["0018-9340","0016-9340","1557-9956","2326-3814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061329069","display_name":"Yingxue Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0833-1379"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yingxue Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0833-1379","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089833377","display_name":"Teng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7281-1203"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Teng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7281-1203","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072915437","display_name":"Lei Gong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8391-5526"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Gong","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8391-5526","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011884768","display_name":"Chao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9403-5575"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9403-5575","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012002926","display_name":"Dong Dai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4078-8149"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86501945","display_name":"University of Delaware","ror":"https://ror.org/01sbq1a82","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86501945"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dong Dai","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA","University of Delaware"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4078-8149","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86501945"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Delaware","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86501945"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051427882","display_name":"Yang Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1063-7182"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1063-7182","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103069022","display_name":"Xianglan Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7845-3068"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xianglan Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100407758","display_name":"Xi Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3023-1662"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xi Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077322091","display_name":"Xuehai Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8360-3143"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuehai Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8360-3143","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.1244,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.41371504,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"74","issue":"4","first_page":"1224","last_page":"1238"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9882000088691711,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10904","display_name":"Embedded Systems Design Techniques","score":0.9799000024795532,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7053097486495972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dataflow","display_name":"Dataflow","score":0.6443557739257812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.6237578392028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.5778750777244568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.453225702047348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.3594778776168823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.3267999291419983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.1393214762210846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.11013635993003845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.10809320211410522}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7053097486495972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96324660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205446","display_name":"Dataflow","level":2,"score":0.6443557739257812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.6237578392028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.5778750777244568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.453225702047348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.3594778776168823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.3267999291419983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.1393214762210846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11013635993003845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.10809320211410522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tc.2024.3517751","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2024.3517751","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157670870","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","issn_l":"0018-9340","issn":["0018-9340","0016-9340","1557-9956","2326-3814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.46000000834465027,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1443428683","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62102383","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G461544363","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BK20241818","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6284701254","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Y2021121","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322847","funder_display_name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6472083938","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62172380","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8758304440","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61976200","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322847","display_name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/031141b54"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2094756095","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2883927138","https://openalex.org/W2913790721","https://openalex.org/W3018935228","https://openalex.org/W3047848469","https://openalex.org/W3102790199","https://openalex.org/W3115388607","https://openalex.org/W3135807226","https://openalex.org/W3159314463","https://openalex.org/W3206453033","https://openalex.org/W4214686755","https://openalex.org/W4226323948","https://openalex.org/W4280489237","https://openalex.org/W4281750320","https://openalex.org/W4293023328","https://openalex.org/W4308083846","https://openalex.org/W4308479898","https://openalex.org/W4318541578","https://openalex.org/W4319870505","https://openalex.org/W4319870545","https://openalex.org/W4321232185","https://openalex.org/W4321637298","https://openalex.org/W4360831786","https://openalex.org/W4360831791","https://openalex.org/W4360831795","https://openalex.org/W4360831803","https://openalex.org/W4360831809","https://openalex.org/W4360831828","https://openalex.org/W4360831966","https://openalex.org/W4360832001","https://openalex.org/W4378804724","https://openalex.org/W4379116023","https://openalex.org/W4386065344","https://openalex.org/W4386065588","https://openalex.org/W4386075535","https://openalex.org/W4386075825","https://openalex.org/W4386763681","https://openalex.org/W4386765013","https://openalex.org/W4390534861","https://openalex.org/W6784094891","https://openalex.org/W6784333009","https://openalex.org/W6838322825","https://openalex.org/W6859466964"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2293118914","https://openalex.org/W2998381397","https://openalex.org/W4236419692","https://openalex.org/W2171015181","https://openalex.org/W3167919718","https://openalex.org/W4251718783","https://openalex.org/W4239447582","https://openalex.org/W1484403103","https://openalex.org/W2521947294","https://openalex.org/W1998888015"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Vision":[0],"transformer":[1],"(ViT)":[2],"models":[3],"have":[4],"demonstrated":[5],"remarkable":[6],"advantages":[7],"in":[8,105],"visual":[9],"tasks.":[10],"However,":[11],"the":[12,40,46,71,79,106,130,138,160],"ViT":[13,41,72,107],"model":[14,23],"contains":[15],"various":[16,103],"types":[17],"of":[18,81,96,173,188],"operators,":[19],"and":[20,29,50,77,122,141,155,179],"its":[21],"sophisticated":[22],"structure":[24],"imposes":[25],"substantial":[26],"computational":[27],"complexity":[28],"storage":[30,124,156],"burden.":[31],"Existing":[32],"hardware":[33,51,65,190],"solutions":[34],"still":[35],"fail":[36],"to":[37,45,69,101,117,128,147,176],"fully":[38],"unleash":[39],"acceleration":[42,73],"potential":[43],"due":[44],"mismatch":[47],"between":[48],"operators":[49,104],"architectures,":[52],"suffering":[53],"from":[54],"inefficient":[55],"dataflow":[56,114],"mapping.":[57],"This":[58],"work":[59],"proposes":[60],"HDViT,":[61],"a":[62,89,112,186],"full-fledged":[63],"heterogeneous":[64,82,90,161,178],"accelerator":[66],"on":[67],"FPGA,":[68],"enhance":[70],"by":[74],"comprehensively":[75],"analyzing":[76],"addressing":[78],"challenges":[80],"architecture":[83,91,140],"design.":[84],"Specifically,":[85],"HDViT":[86,110,139,168,183],"first":[87],"develops":[88],"design":[92],"that":[93,152,167],"is":[94],"composed":[95],"multiple":[97,134],"processing":[98],"engines":[99],"(PEs)":[100],"accelerate":[102],"model.":[108],"Then,":[109],"devises":[111],"hybrid-oriented":[113],"mapping":[115],"strategy":[116],"reduce":[118],"data":[119],"transmission":[120],"granularity":[121],"alleviate":[123],"resource":[125],"pressure.":[126],"Lastly,":[127],"achieve":[129],"latency":[131],"balancing":[132],"among":[133],"PEs,":[135],"we":[136],"formulate":[137],"implement":[142],"an":[143],"automated":[144],"exploration":[145],"process":[146],"identify":[148],"optimized":[149],"parallelism":[150],"parameters":[151],"satisfy":[153],"computation":[154],"demands":[157],"while":[158],"enhancing":[159],"architectural":[162],"performance.":[163],"Experimental":[164],"results":[165],"indicate":[166],"achieves":[169,185],"significant":[170],"performance":[171],"speedups":[172],"2.16$\\times$and":[174],"3.51$\\times$compared":[175],"previous":[177],"unified":[180],"accelerators,":[181],"respectively.":[182],"also":[184],"maximum":[187],"98.46%":[189],"utilization.":[191]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}