{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402783087","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2024.3461309","title":"Remora: A Low-Latency DAG-Based BFT Through Optimistic Paths","display_name":"Remora: A Low-Latency DAG-Based BFT Through Optimistic Paths","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-09-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402783087","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2024.3461309"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tc.2024.3461309","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2024.3461309","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157670870","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","issn_l":"0018-9340","issn":["0018-9340","1557-9956","2326-3814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046092496","display_name":"Xiaohai Dai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7822-4512"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiaohai Dai","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Engineering Research Center for Big Data Technology and System, Services Computing Technology and System Laboratory, and Cluster and Grid Computing Laboratory, School of Computer Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","National Engineering Research Center for Big Data Technology and System, Services Computing Technology and System Laboratory and Cluster and Grid Computing Laboratory, School of Computer Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Research Center for Big Data Technology and System, Services Computing Technology and System Laboratory, and Cluster and Grid Computing Laboratory, School of Computer Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Research Center for Big Data Technology and System, Services Computing Technology and System Laboratory and Cluster and Grid Computing Laboratory, School of Computer Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100318462","display_name":"Wei Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4731-3226"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075350816","display_name":"Guanxiong Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guanxiong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Engineering Research Center for Big Data Technology and System, Services Computing Technology and System Laboratory, and Cluster and Grid Computing Laboratory, School of Computer Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","National Engineering Research Center for Big Data Technology and System, Services Computing Technology and System Laboratory and Cluster and Grid Computing Laboratory, School of Computer Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Research Center for Big Data Technology and System, Services Computing Technology and System Laboratory, and Cluster and Grid Computing Laboratory, School of Computer Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Research Center for Big Data Technology and System, Services Computing Technology and System Laboratory and Cluster and Grid Computing Laboratory, School of Computer Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002146800","display_name":"Jiang Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4216-0497"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiang Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Engineering Research Center for Big Data Technology and System, Services Computing Technology and System Laboratory, and Cluster and Grid Computing Laboratory, School of Computer Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","National Engineering Research Center for Big Data Technology and System, Services Computing Technology and System Laboratory and Cluster and Grid Computing Laboratory, School of Computer Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Research Center for Big Data Technology and System, Services Computing Technology and System Laboratory, and Cluster and Grid Computing Laboratory, School of Computer Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Research Center for Big Data Technology and System, Services Computing Technology and System Laboratory and Cluster and Grid Computing Laboratory, School of Computer Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Haoyang Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3152-4111"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haoyang Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Engineering Research Center for Big Data Technology and System, Services Computing Technology and System Laboratory, and Cluster and Grid Computing Laboratory, School of Computer Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","National Engineering Research Center for Big Data Technology and System, Services Computing Technology and System Laboratory and Cluster and Grid Computing Laboratory, School of Computer Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Research Center for Big Data Technology and System, Services Computing Technology and System Laboratory, and Cluster and Grid Computing Laboratory, School of Computer Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Research Center for Big Data Technology and System, Services Computing Technology and System Laboratory and Cluster and Grid Computing Laboratory, School of Computer Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101384540","display_name":"Shufei Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shufei Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Services Computing Technology and System Laboratory, National Engineering Research Center for Big Data Technology and System, Hubei Engineering Research Center on Big Data Security, School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","National Engineering Research Center for Big Data Technology and System, Services Computing Technology and System Laboratory and Cluster and Grid Computing Laboratory, School of Computer Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Services Computing Technology and System Laboratory, National Engineering Research Center for Big Data Technology and System, Hubei Engineering Research Center on Big Data Security, School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Research Center for Big Data Technology and System, Services Computing Technology and System Laboratory and Cluster and Grid Computing Laboratory, School of Computer Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015993565","display_name":"Albert Y. Zomaya","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Albert Y. Zomaya","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022262922","display_name":"Hai Jin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3934-7605"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hai Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Engineering Research Center for Big Data Technology and System, Services Computing Technology and System Laboratory, and Cluster and Grid Computing Laboratory, School of Computer Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","National Engineering Research Center for Big Data Technology and System, Services Computing Technology and System Laboratory and Cluster and Grid Computing Laboratory, School of Computer Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Research Center for Big Data Technology and System, Services Computing Technology and System Laboratory, and Cluster and Grid Computing Laboratory, School of Computer Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Research Center for Big Data Technology and System, Services Computing Technology and System Laboratory and Cluster and Grid Computing Laboratory, School of Computer Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5046092496"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8159,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72976906,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"74","issue":"1","first_page":"57","last_page":"70"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.8711000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.8711000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11749","display_name":"Iterative Learning Control Systems","score":0.8684999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":0.8555999994277954,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7132635116577148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.619718074798584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.5592068433761597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.12236541509628296}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7132635116577148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.619718074798584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.5592068433761597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.12236541509628296}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tc.2024.3461309","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2024.3461309","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157670870","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","issn_l":"0018-9340","issn":["0018-9340","1557-9956","2326-3814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.46000000834465027,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1610688607","https://openalex.org/W1836078613","https://openalex.org/W1963710334","https://openalex.org/W1988655303","https://openalex.org/W1991153938","https://openalex.org/W2003214215","https://openalex.org/W2006699751","https://openalex.org/W2049913483","https://openalex.org/W2054694168","https://openalex.org/W2126924915","https://openalex.org/W2139359217","https://openalex.org/W2223468118","https://openalex.org/W2534313446","https://openalex.org/W2584120063","https://openalex.org/W2926987861","https://openalex.org/W2963873436","https://openalex.org/W2964159515","https://openalex.org/W2969395421","https://openalex.org/W3015234426","https://openalex.org/W3091713906","https://openalex.org/W3096691500","https://openalex.org/W3132204264","https://openalex.org/W3137092842","https://openalex.org/W3185672164","https://openalex.org/W3210337896","https://openalex.org/W4220853208","https://openalex.org/W4226245226","https://openalex.org/W4226474523","https://openalex.org/W4286500915","https://openalex.org/W4290993799","https://openalex.org/W4308380996","https://openalex.org/W4308391463","https://openalex.org/W4308391550","https://openalex.org/W4308643124","https://openalex.org/W4311165839","https://openalex.org/W4312724280","https://openalex.org/W4380874342","https://openalex.org/W4386174973","https://openalex.org/W4388857007","https://openalex.org/W4388858534","https://openalex.org/W4390044323","https://openalex.org/W4391698876","https://openalex.org/W4401508622","https://openalex.org/W6678832241"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052","https://openalex.org/W2382290278","https://openalex.org/W4395014643"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Standing":[0],"as":[1,170],"a":[2,25,54,71,92,109,116,154,171],"foundational":[3],"element":[4],"within":[5],"blockchain":[6],"systems,":[7],"the":[8,19,85,136,175],"<i>Byzantine":[9],"Fault":[10],"Tolerant</i>":[11],"(BFT)":[12],"consensus":[13,33,179],"has":[14,38],"garnered":[15],"significant":[16],"attention":[17],"over":[18],"past":[20],"decade.":[21],"The":[22],"introduction":[23],"of":[24,74,94,119,177],"<i>Directed":[26],"Acyclic":[27],"Directed</i>":[28],"(DAG)":[29],"structure":[30],"into":[31],"BFT":[32,112,178],"design,":[34],"termed":[35],"DAG-based":[36,45,64,111],"BFT,":[37],"emerged":[39],"to":[40,58,132,153,157],"bolster":[41],"throughput.":[42],"However,":[43],"prevalent":[44],"protocols":[46,65],"grapple":[47],"with":[48],"substantial":[49],"latency":[50,55,73,93,104,118,142],"issues,":[51],"suffering":[52],"from":[53],"gap":[56],"compared":[57],"non-DAG":[59,86],"protocols.":[60,180],"For":[61],"instance,":[62],"leading-edge":[63],"named":[66],"GradedDAG":[67],"and":[68,77,165],"BullShark":[69],"exhibit":[70],"good-case":[72],"<inline-formula><tex-math":[75,78,95,120],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$4$</tex-math></inline-formula>":[76],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$6$</tex-math></inline-formula>":[79],"communication":[80],"rounds,":[81],"respectively.":[82],"In":[83],"contrast,":[84],"protocol,":[87],"exemplified":[88],"by":[89,123],"PBFT,":[90],"attains":[91],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$3$</tex-math></inline-formula>":[96,121],"rounds":[97,122],"in":[98,143,147,174],"favorable":[99,144],"conditions.":[100],"To":[101],"bridge":[102],"this":[103],"gap,":[105],"we":[106],"propose":[107],"Remora,":[108],"novel":[110],"protocol.":[113],"Remora":[114,130,150],"achieves":[115],"reduced":[117],"incorporating":[124],"optimistic":[125,137],"paths.":[126],"At":[127],"its":[128,168],"core,":[129],"endeavors":[131],"commit":[133],"blocks":[134],"through":[135],"path":[138,156],"initially,":[139],"facilitating":[140],"low":[141],"situations.":[145],"Conversely,":[146],"unfavorable":[148],"scenarios,":[149],"seamlessly":[151],"transitions":[152],"pessimistic":[155],"ensure":[158],"liveness.":[159],"Various":[160],"experiments":[161],"validate":[162],"Remora's":[163],"feasibility":[164],"efficiency,":[166],"highlighting":[167],"potential":[169],"robust":[172],"solution":[173],"realm":[176]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-14T08:04:32.555800","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}