{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391988093","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2024.3449082","title":"SCARF: Securing Chips With a Robust Framework Against Fabrication-Time Hardware Trojans","display_name":"SCARF: Securing Chips With a Robust Framework Against Fabrication-Time Hardware Trojans","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-08-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391988093","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2024.3449082"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tc.2024.3449082","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2024.3449082","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157670870","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","issn_l":"0018-9340","issn":["0018-9340","0016-9340","1557-9956","2326-3814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2402.12162","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Mohammad Eslami","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7200-3655"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111112146","display_name":"Tallinn University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0443cwa12","country_code":"EE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]}],"countries":["EE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Eslami","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Systems, Tallinn University of Technology (TalTech), Tallinn, Estonia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7200-3655","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Systems, Tallinn University of Technology (TalTech), Tallinn, Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042603430","display_name":"Tara Ghasempouri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8021-9368"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111112146","display_name":"Tallinn University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0443cwa12","country_code":"EE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]}],"countries":["EE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tara Ghasempouri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Systems, Tallinn University of Technology (TalTech), Tallinn, Estonia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8021-9368","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Systems, Tallinn University of Technology (TalTech), Tallinn, Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060594809","display_name":"Samuel Pagliarini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5294-0606"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111112146","display_name":"Tallinn University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0443cwa12","country_code":"EE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]}],"countries":["EE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samuel Pagliarini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Systems, Tallinn University of Technology (TalTech), Tallinn, Estonia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5294-0606","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Systems, Tallinn University of Technology (TalTech), Tallinn, Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"],"apc_list":{"value":2495,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2495},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2501,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77848775,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"73","issue":"12","first_page":"2761","last_page":"2775"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11601","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neural Engineering","score":0.9729999899864197,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11032","display_name":"VLSI and Analog Circuit Testing","score":0.9282000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fabrication","display_name":"Fabrication","score":0.6366377472877502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.5409845113754272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5159035921096802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.41958898305892944}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136525101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5428139","display_name":"Fabrication","level":3,"score":0.6366377472877502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.5409845113754272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5159035921096802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.41958898305892944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tc.2024.3449082","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2024.3449082","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157670870","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","issn_l":"0018-9340","issn":["0018-9340","0016-9340","1557-9956","2326-3814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2402.12162","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2402.12162","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2402.12162","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2402.12162","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2402.12162","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2402.12162","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338080","display_name":"European Social Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4391988093.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4391988093.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W924455922","https://openalex.org/W1583151409","https://openalex.org/W1589091388","https://openalex.org/W1976955200","https://openalex.org/W1995558750","https://openalex.org/W2001441503","https://openalex.org/W2012032225","https://openalex.org/W2021653168","https://openalex.org/W2026936612","https://openalex.org/W2063615695","https://openalex.org/W2067276029","https://openalex.org/W2067651963","https://openalex.org/W2076611807","https://openalex.org/W2095410905","https://openalex.org/W2101528158","https://openalex.org/W2105167627","https://openalex.org/W2110601965","https://openalex.org/W2122819799","https://openalex.org/W2135211381","https://openalex.org/W2145937629","https://openalex.org/W2150928734","https://openalex.org/W2161998562","https://openalex.org/W2202893188","https://openalex.org/W2221643708","https://openalex.org/W2336864643","https://openalex.org/W2339174136","https://openalex.org/W2464661970","https://openalex.org/W2484886826","https://openalex.org/W3015325772","https://openalex.org/W3032908353","https://openalex.org/W3114160048","https://openalex.org/W3150167865","https://openalex.org/W4200317015","https://openalex.org/W4238688671","https://openalex.org/W4239924842","https://openalex.org/W4247267706","https://openalex.org/W4283687356","https://openalex.org/W4293025084","https://openalex.org/W4386763368"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2082914599","https://openalex.org/W2756570351","https://openalex.org/W2132500134","https://openalex.org/W4211139140","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2007805353","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W2387433897","https://openalex.org/W2100589902"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,154],"globalization":[1],"of":[2,20,45,64,72,79,124,156,181],"the":[3,18,41,77,178],"semiconductor":[4],"industry":[5],"has":[6],"introduced":[7,30,137],"security":[8,48,78,94,163],"challenges":[9],"to":[10,17,87,167],"Integrated":[11],"Circuits":[12],"(ICs),":[13],"particularly":[14],"those":[15],"related":[16],"threat":[19],"Hardware":[21],"Trojans":[22],"(HTs)":[23],"\u2013":[24,116],"malicious":[25],"logic":[26],"that":[27,60],"can":[28],"be":[29],"during":[31,113,159],"IC":[32,182],"fabrication.":[33],"While":[34],"significant":[35,130],"efforts":[36],"are":[37],"directed":[38],"towards":[39],"verifying":[40],"correctness":[42],"and":[43,69,148],"reliability":[44],"ICs,":[46],"their":[47],"is":[49],"often":[50],"overlooked.":[51],"In":[52],"this":[53],"paper,":[54],"we":[55,82,104],"propose":[56],"a":[57,62,84,117,129,143,173],"comprehensive":[58,174],"framework":[59,171],"integrates":[61],"suite":[63],"methodologies":[65],"for":[66,109],"both":[67],"front-end":[68],"back-end":[70,118],"stages":[71],"design,":[73],"aimed":[74],"at":[75],"enhancing":[76],"ICs.":[80],"Initially,":[81],"outline":[83],"systematic":[85],"methodology":[86,108],"transform":[88],"existing":[89],"verification":[90,98],"assets":[91],"into":[92],"potent":[93],"checkers":[95],"by":[96,135,165],"repurposing":[97],"assertions.":[99],"To":[100],"further":[101],"improve":[102],"security,":[103,133],"introduce":[105],"an":[106,121],"innovative":[107],"integrating":[110],"online":[111,157],"monitors":[112,158],"physical":[114,160],"synthesis":[115,161],"insertion":[119,155],"providing":[120],"additional":[122],"layer":[123],"defense.":[125],"Experimental":[126],"results":[127],"demonstrate":[128],"increase":[131],"in":[132,146],"measured":[134],"our":[136],"metric,":[138],"Security":[139],"Coverage":[140],"(SC),":[141],"with":[142],"marginal":[144],"rise":[145],"area":[147],"power":[149],"consumption,":[150],"typically":[151],"under":[152],"20%.":[153],"enhances":[162],"metrics":[164],"up":[166],"33.5%.":[168],"This":[169],"holistic":[170],"offers":[172],"defense":[175],"mechanism":[176],"across":[177],"entire":[179],"spectrum":[180],"design.":[183]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-08-28T12:50:07.497085","created_date":"2024-02-21T00:00:00"}
