{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401508100","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2024.3441836","title":"Online Container Scheduling With Fast Function Startup and Low Memory Cost in Edge Computing","display_name":"Online Container Scheduling With Fast Function Startup and Low Memory Cost in Edge Computing","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-08-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401508100","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2024.3441836"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tc.2024.3441836","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2024.3441836","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157670870","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","issn_l":"0018-9340","issn":["0018-9340","0016-9340","1557-9956","2326-3814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107052670","display_name":"Zhenzheng Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7661-1922"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenzheng Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China","Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Future Networks, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7661-1922","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Future Networks, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062969662","display_name":"Jiong Lou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9245-2626"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiong Lou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9245-2626","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jianfei Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6209-029X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianfei Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China","Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Future Networks, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6209-029X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Future Networks, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028160889","display_name":"Jianxiong Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0994-3297"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12615008","display_name":"Beijing Normal-Hong Kong Baptist University","ror":"https://ror.org/04snvc712","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12615008"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianxiong Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Future Networks, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, China","Guangdong Key Lab of AI and Multi-Modal Data Processing, BNU-HKBU United International College, Zhuhai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0994-3297","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Future Networks, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangdong Key Lab of AI and Multi-Modal Data Processing, BNU-HKBU United International College, Zhuhai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12615008"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067856743","display_name":"Zhiqing Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9375-4818"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiqing Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Future Networks, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9375-4818","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Future Networks, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102131303","display_name":"Shen Ping","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ping Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Future Networks, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2195-525X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Future Networks, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101752580","display_name":"Weijia Jia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1000-3937"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12615008","display_name":"Beijing Normal-Hong Kong Baptist University","ror":"https://ror.org/04snvc712","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12615008"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weijia Jia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Future Networks, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, China","Guangdong Key Lab of AI and Multi-Modal Data Processing, BNU-HKBU United International College, Zhuhai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1000-3937","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Future Networks, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangdong Key Lab of AI and Multi-Modal Data Processing, BNU-HKBU United International College, Zhuhai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12615008"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002311337","display_name":"Wei Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6268-2559"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180726961","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152380","display_name":"Shenzhen Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qzpec27","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210152380"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shenzhen University of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6268-2559","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen University of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961","https://openalex.org/I4210152380"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.3846,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88928934,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"73","issue":"12","first_page":"2747","last_page":"2760"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11478","display_name":"Caching and Content Delivery","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13553","display_name":"Age of Information Optimization","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8434077501296997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/container","display_name":"Container (type theory)","score":0.7003328800201416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheduling","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","score":0.5678008794784546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cache","display_name":"Cache","score":0.46784529089927673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.455778568983078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/online-algorithm","display_name":"Online algorithm","score":0.4389582872390747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.41071704030036926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.34785139560699463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.22179055213928223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.15812507271766663}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8434077501296997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781018962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164884","display_name":"Container (type theory)","level":2,"score":0.7003328800201416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.5678008794784546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115537543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165596","display_name":"Cache","level":2,"score":0.46784529089927673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.455778568983078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196921405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786431","display_name":"Online algorithm","level":2,"score":0.4389582872390747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.41071704030036926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.34785139560699463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.22179055213928223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.15812507271766663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tc.2024.3441836","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2024.3441836","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157670870","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","issn_l":"0018-9340","issn":["0018-9340","0016-9340","1557-9956","2326-3814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1430800624","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62302048","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8160964939","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62272050","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321432","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2044444166","https://openalex.org/W2050329843","https://openalex.org/W2133783059","https://openalex.org/W2166825200","https://openalex.org/W2896945154","https://openalex.org/W2930508541","https://openalex.org/W2979479406","https://openalex.org/W2996705685","https://openalex.org/W3023405701","https://openalex.org/W3034173033","https://openalex.org/W3110940899","https://openalex.org/W3125961627","https://openalex.org/W3153413990","https://openalex.org/W3157768227","https://openalex.org/W3204758381","https://openalex.org/W3207218827","https://openalex.org/W3210974992","https://openalex.org/W4205961034","https://openalex.org/W4206788825","https://openalex.org/W4214610523","https://openalex.org/W4220816781","https://openalex.org/W4226135183","https://openalex.org/W4234844574","https://openalex.org/W4250589301","https://openalex.org/W4281777347","https://openalex.org/W4283219705","https://openalex.org/W4291433199","https://openalex.org/W4313462076","https://openalex.org/W4376129458","https://openalex.org/W4386245182","https://openalex.org/W6753337532","https://openalex.org/W6753751555","https://openalex.org/W6754018566","https://openalex.org/W6761088107","https://openalex.org/W6773836194","https://openalex.org/W6775201933","https://openalex.org/W6795481427"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2367301169","https://openalex.org/W2352134912","https://openalex.org/W2001079144","https://openalex.org/W4393477817","https://openalex.org/W2048054615","https://openalex.org/W2974221847","https://openalex.org/W2480624181","https://openalex.org/W2581710029","https://openalex.org/W2055230095","https://openalex.org/W1970915793"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Extending":[0],"serverless":[1,18],"computing":[2],"to":[3,12,21,32,77,148,160,188,196],"the":[4,22,34,40,44,72,107,126,162,174,179],"edge":[5,65],"has":[6,27,68],"emerged":[7],"as":[8,39],"a":[9,115,139,155],"promising":[10],"approach":[11],"support":[13],"service,":[14],"but":[15],"startup":[16,59,80,170,184],"containerized":[17],"functions":[19],"lead":[20],"cold-start":[23,35],"delay.":[24],"Recent":[25],"research":[26],"introduced":[28],"container":[29,42,48,94,100,103,136,151,169],"caching":[30,49,152],"methods":[31],"alleviate":[33],"delay,":[36],"including":[37,97],"cache":[38],"entire":[41],"or":[43],"Zygote":[45],"container.":[46],"However,":[47],"incurs":[50],"memory":[51,62,83,192],"costs.":[52],"The":[53,122],"system":[54],"must":[55],"ensure":[56],"fast":[57],"function":[58],"and":[60,82,102,118,131,142,168,190],"low":[61,119],"cost":[63],"of":[64],"servers,":[66],"which":[67],"been":[69],"overlooked":[70],"in":[71],"literature.":[73],"This":[74],"paper":[75],"aims":[76],"jointly":[78],"optimize":[79],"delay":[81,185],"cost.":[84],"We":[85],"formulate":[86],"an":[87,111],"online":[88,112],"joint":[89],"optimization":[90],"problem":[91,127],"that":[92,178],"encompasses":[93],"scheduling":[95],"decisions,":[96],"invocation":[98,166],"distribution,":[99],"startup,":[101],"caching.":[104],"To":[105],"solve":[106,161],"problem,":[108],"we":[109],"propose":[110],"algorithm":[113,124,180],"with":[114,165],"competitive":[116],"ratio":[117],"computational":[120],"complexity.":[121],"proposed":[123],"decomposes":[125],"into":[128],"two":[129],"subproblems":[130],"solves":[132],"them":[133],"sequentially.":[134],"Each":[135],"is":[137,158],"assigned":[138],"randomized":[140],"strategy,":[141],"these":[143],"container-level":[144],"decisions":[145],"are":[146],"merged":[147],"constitute":[149],"overall":[150],"decisions.":[153,171],"Furthermore,":[154],"greedy-based":[156],"subroutine":[157],"designed":[159],"subproblem":[163],"associated":[164],"distribution":[167],"Experiments":[172],"on":[173],"real-world":[175],"dataset":[176],"indicate":[177],"can":[181],"reduce":[182],"average":[183],"by":[186,194],"up":[187,195],"23%":[189],"lower":[191],"costs":[193],"15%.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
