{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4390284996","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2023.3347675","title":"Gem5Tune: A Parameter Auto-Tuning Framework for Gem5 Simulator to Reduce Errors","display_name":"Gem5Tune: A Parameter Auto-Tuning Framework for Gem5 Simulator to Reduce Errors","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-12-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4390284996","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2023.3347675"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tc.2023.3347675","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2023.3347675","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157670870","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","issn_l":"0018-9340","issn":["0018-9340","0016-9340","1557-9956","2326-3814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016867130","display_name":"Yudi Qiu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6770-3681"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132426","display_name":"Shanghai Fudan Microelectronics (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/02vfj3j86","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132426"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yudi Qiu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6770-3681","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067","https://openalex.org/I4210132426"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101569116","display_name":"Tao Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6507-8106"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45928872","display_name":"Alibaba Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00k642b80","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alibaba Group, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6507-8106","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alibaba Group, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101579828","display_name":"Yuxin Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1771-9305"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132426","display_name":"Shanghai Fudan Microelectronics (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/02vfj3j86","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132426"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuxin Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1771-9305","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067","https://openalex.org/I4210132426"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100720137","display_name":"Yanwei Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8454-9327"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132426","display_name":"Shanghai Fudan Microelectronics (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/02vfj3j86","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132426"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanwei Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8454-9327","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067","https://openalex.org/I4210132426"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100634448","display_name":"Yang Kong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7390-8315"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45928872","display_name":"Alibaba Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00k642b80","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Kong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alibaba Group, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7390-8315","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alibaba Group, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010738760","display_name":"Xulin Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8601-5864"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45928872","display_name":"Alibaba Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00k642b80","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xulin Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alibaba Group, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8601-5864","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alibaba Group, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100656792","display_name":"Xiaoyang Zeng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3986-137X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132426","display_name":"Shanghai Fudan Microelectronics (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/02vfj3j86","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132426"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoyang Zeng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3986-137X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067","https://openalex.org/I4210132426"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085004179","display_name":"Yibo Fan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2523-8261"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132426","display_name":"Shanghai Fudan Microelectronics (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/02vfj3j86","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132426"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yibo Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2523-8261","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067","https://openalex.org/I4210132426"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3938,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81084792,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"73","issue":"3","first_page":"902","last_page":"914"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11181","display_name":"Advanced Data Storage Technologies","score":0.9853000044822693,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.9764000177383423,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8473364114761353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calibration","display_name":"Calibration","score":0.5674759745597839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bayesian-optimization","display_name":"Bayesian optimization","score":0.5377640128135681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pruning","display_name":"Pruning","score":0.5224177837371826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spec#","display_name":"Spec#","score":0.5107314586639404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parsec","display_name":"Parsec","score":0.48808515071868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.35831841826438904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.21556192636489868}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8473364114761353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.5674759745597839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778049539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17002908","display_name":"Bayesian optimization","level":2,"score":0.5377640128135681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108010975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q500094","display_name":"Pruning","level":2,"score":0.5224177837371826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778565505","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2207566","display_name":"Spec#","level":2,"score":0.5107314586639404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44060867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12129","display_name":"Parsec","level":3,"score":0.48808515071868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.35831841826438904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.21556192636489868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150846664","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7602306","display_name":"Stars","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tc.2023.3347675","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2023.3347675","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157670870","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","issn_l":"0018-9340","issn":["0018-9340","0016-9340","1557-9956","2326-3814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.4399999976158142}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6391884445","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62031009","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W102487131","https://openalex.org/W1967576688","https://openalex.org/W2034062945","https://openalex.org/W2036514477","https://openalex.org/W2036853599","https://openalex.org/W2063884320","https://openalex.org/W2106562406","https://openalex.org/W2113167168","https://openalex.org/W2113235308","https://openalex.org/W2147657366","https://openalex.org/W2192203593","https://openalex.org/W2213297816","https://openalex.org/W2790721814","https://openalex.org/W2946072469","https://openalex.org/W2998993395","https://openalex.org/W3006586535","https://openalex.org/W3015480182","https://openalex.org/W3042858012","https://openalex.org/W3100537219","https://openalex.org/W3106090013","https://openalex.org/W3140269949","https://openalex.org/W3212050490","https://openalex.org/W3213817780","https://openalex.org/W4226441354","https://openalex.org/W4238549726","https://openalex.org/W4249553981","https://openalex.org/W4253086812","https://openalex.org/W4287547927","https://openalex.org/W4293025085","https://openalex.org/W6675903601","https://openalex.org/W6676179485","https://openalex.org/W6678911119"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W878150521","https://openalex.org/W2008941207","https://openalex.org/W2373662841","https://openalex.org/W1970478390","https://openalex.org/W1533638723","https://openalex.org/W294916044","https://openalex.org/W2152436418","https://openalex.org/W2131667412","https://openalex.org/W2014546971","https://openalex.org/W2019959197"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Computer":[0],"architecture":[1],"simulators":[2],"are":[3,40,97],"widely":[4],"used":[5],"to":[6,23,58,99,109,143],"explore":[7],"new":[8],"architectures,":[9],"e.g.,":[10],"the":[11,32,55,73,78,101,110,150],"gem5":[12,15,56,76,120],"simulator.":[13],"However,":[14],"has":[16],"significant":[17,44],"performance":[18,117],"errors":[19,30,118,151],"that":[20,107],"may":[21],"lead":[22],"misleading":[24],"research":[25],"results.":[26],"Researchers":[27],"typically":[28],"reduce":[29,59],"with":[31],"target":[33,79],"machine":[34,80],"by":[35,126],"manual":[36,111],"calibration":[37,112],"methods,":[38,65,89],"which":[39],"time-consuming":[41],"and":[42,77,94,121,132,145,148],"require":[43],"expertise.":[45],"This":[46],"paper":[47],"presents":[48],"gem5Tune,":[49],"a":[50,82],"parameter":[51],"auto-tuning":[52],"framework":[53],"for":[54,67,135],"simulator":[57],"errors.":[60],"Applying":[61],"black-box":[62],"optimization":[63,88],"(BBO)":[64],"recommended":[66],"TPE-based":[68],"Bayesian":[69],"optimization,":[70],"gem5Tune":[71,114],"minimizes":[72],"error":[74,102],"between":[75,119],"within":[81],"limited":[83],"number":[84],"of":[85,152],"iterations.":[86],"Three":[87],"instruction":[90],"calibration,":[91],"sensitivity":[92],"analysis,":[93],"dynamic":[95],"pruning,":[96],"proposed":[98],"accelerate":[100],"convergence.":[103],"Experimental":[104],"results":[105],"show":[106],"compared":[108],"method,":[113],"significantly":[115],"reduces":[116,149],"three":[122],"modern":[123],"ARM":[124],"servers":[125],"more":[127],"than":[128],"10%":[129],"(13.83%,":[130],"10.86%,":[131],"25.22%,":[133],"respectively)":[134],"SPEC":[136],"CPU":[137],"benchmarks.":[138],"It":[139],"also":[140],"scales":[141],"effectively":[142],"PARSEC":[144],"SPLASH-2x":[146],"benchmarks":[147],"architectural":[153],"events.":[154]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}