{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385486113","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2023.3301116","title":"Accelerating Finite-Field and Torus Fully Homomorphic Encryption via Compute-Enabled (S)RAM","display_name":"Accelerating Finite-Field and Torus Fully Homomorphic Encryption via Compute-Enabled (S)RAM","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-08-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385486113","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2023.3301116"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tc.2023.3301116","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2023.3301116","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157670870","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","issn_l":"0018-9340","issn":["0018-9340","0016-9340","1557-9956","2326-3814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067034144","display_name":"Jonathan Takeshita","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8655-5343"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107639228","display_name":"University of Notre Dame","ror":"https://ror.org/00mkhxb43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan Takeshita","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8655-5343","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064528017","display_name":"Dayane Reis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8571-1308"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2613432","display_name":"University of South Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/032db5x82","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2613432"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dayane Reis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of South Florida Tampa, FL, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8571-1308","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of South Florida Tampa, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2613432"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043023867","display_name":"Ting Gong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9927-886X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ting Gong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003032564","display_name":"Michael Niemier","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7776-4306"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107639228","display_name":"University of Notre Dame","ror":"https://ror.org/00mkhxb43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael T. Niemier","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7776-4306","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100600905","display_name":"Xiaobo Sharon Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6636-9738"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107639228","display_name":"University of Notre Dame","ror":"https://ror.org/00mkhxb43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaobo Sharon Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6636-9738","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000818365","display_name":"Taeho Jung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9082-0357"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107639228","display_name":"University of Notre Dame","ror":"https://ror.org/00mkhxb43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Taeho Jung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9082-0357","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.9157,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91445666,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"73","issue":"10","first_page":"2449","last_page":"2462"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11693","display_name":"Cryptography and Residue Arithmetic","score":0.9894000291824341,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/torus","display_name":"Torus","score":0.6430830955505371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.5224480032920837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.49489229917526245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.48606398701667786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finite-field","display_name":"Finite field","score":0.46345609426498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.34664565324783325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2605968713760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-mathematics","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","score":0.21005839109420776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.15692803263664246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pure-mathematics","display_name":"Pure mathematics","score":0.11994561553001404}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9767117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12510","display_name":"Torus","level":2,"score":0.6430830955505371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5224480032920837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.49489229917526245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.48606398701667786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77926391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q603880","display_name":"Finite field","level":2,"score":0.46345609426498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.34664565324783325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2605968713760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.21005839109420776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.15692803263664246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.11994561553001404}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tc.2023.3301116","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2023.3301116","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157670870","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","issn_l":"0018-9340","issn":["0018-9340","0016-9340","1557-9956","2326-3814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8700000047683716,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1602954811","https://openalex.org/W1982022511","https://openalex.org/W2032472180","https://openalex.org/W2058358002","https://openalex.org/W2066949876","https://openalex.org/W2113994308","https://openalex.org/W2158628547","https://openalex.org/W2294851045","https://openalex.org/W2345527821","https://openalex.org/W2415881634","https://openalex.org/W2467320551","https://openalex.org/W2519249189","https://openalex.org/W2527617455","https://openalex.org/W2589989807","https://openalex.org/W2885339274","https://openalex.org/W2899140612","https://openalex.org/W2934510082","https://openalex.org/W2979557494","https://openalex.org/W3012235108","https://openalex.org/W3019884349","https://openalex.org/W3023271296","https://openalex.org/W3028867652","https://openalex.org/W3030053264","https://openalex.org/W3035754681","https://openalex.org/W3116767319","https://openalex.org/W3127843656","https://openalex.org/W3157477139","https://openalex.org/W3176410512","https://openalex.org/W3184762043","https://openalex.org/W3207326900","https://openalex.org/W3216185607","https://openalex.org/W4205474236","https://openalex.org/W4236580217","https://openalex.org/W4281609193","https://openalex.org/W4281792301","https://openalex.org/W4293024101","https://openalex.org/W4307925365","https://openalex.org/W4308090449","https://openalex.org/W4313855966","https://openalex.org/W6629789561","https://openalex.org/W6778434676","https://openalex.org/W6804328604"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2935759653","https://openalex.org/W3105167352","https://openalex.org/W54078636","https://openalex.org/W2954470139","https://openalex.org/W1501425562","https://openalex.org/W2902782467","https://openalex.org/W3084825885","https://openalex.org/W2298861036","https://openalex.org/W2271181815"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Fully":[0],"Homomorphic":[1],"Encryption":[2],"(FHE)":[3],"allows":[4],"outsourced":[5],"computation":[6],"on":[7,175],"clients\u2019":[8],"encrypted":[9],"data":[10,13,23],"while":[11],"preserving":[12],"privacy.":[14],"FHE\u2019s":[15],"high":[16,20],"computational":[17],"intensity":[18],"incurs":[19],"overhead":[21,170],"from":[22],"transfer":[24],"with":[25,99],"hardware":[26,142],"such":[27],"as":[28,131,161,185],"CPU,":[29],"GPU,":[30],"and":[31,40,70,93,140,156,177],"FPGA,":[32],"due":[33],"to":[34,57,108,112,133,150,163,187],"the":[35,90,105,169],"inherent":[36],"separation":[37],"between":[38],"computing":[39],"data.":[41],"To":[42],"overcome":[43],"this":[44,79],"limitation,":[45],"Compute-Enabled":[46],"RAM":[47],"(CE-RAM)":[48],"has":[49],"been":[50],"explored;":[51],"however,":[52],"prior":[53,134],"work":[54,107,135,189],"using":[55,110],"CE-RAM":[56,83,98,111,125,137,172],"accelerate":[58,113],"FHE":[59,68,85,101,138,174],"only":[60],"explores":[61],"a":[62,66],"simple":[63],"implementation":[64,130],"of":[65,148,171],"finite-field":[67,91],"scheme":[69],"did":[71],"not":[72],"explore":[73,109,118],"algorithmic":[74,120],"optimizations.":[75,102],"<p":[76],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[77],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">In":[78],"paper,":[80],"we":[81,117],"investigate":[82],"acceleration":[84,139,143],"more":[86],"deeply,":[87],"implementing":[88],"both":[89],"B/FV":[92,153],"torus-based":[94],"TFHE":[95,159],"cryptosystems":[96],"in":[97,136],"common":[100],"This":[103],"is":[104],"first":[106],"TFHE.":[114],"For":[115],"B/FV,":[116],"parameter-specific":[119],"optimizations":[121],"specifically":[122],"designed":[123],"for":[124,152,158,173],"friendliness.":[126],"We":[127,145,166],"evaluate":[128],"our":[129],"compared":[132,162,186],"other":[141,188],"strategies.":[144],"demonstrate":[146],"speedups":[147],"up":[149],"784x":[151],"homomorphic":[154],"multiplication":[155],"38x":[157],"bootstrapping":[160],"CPU":[164],"implementations.":[165],"also":[167],"discuss":[168],"energy":[176],"area":[178],"consumption,":[179],"showing":[180],"comparable":[181],"or":[182,190],"improved":[183],"performance":[184],"hypothetical":[191],"near-memory":[192],"accelerators.":[193]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2023-08-03T00:00:00"}