{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4381733877","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2023.3288751","title":"Flock: Towards Multitasking Virtual Machines for Function-as-a-Service","display_name":"Flock: Towards Multitasking Virtual Machines for Function-as-a-Service","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-06-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4381733877","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2023.3288751"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tc.2023.3288751","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2023.3288751","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157670870","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","issn_l":"0018-9340","issn":["0018-9340","1557-9956","2326-3814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024149038","display_name":"Ziming Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0142-8212"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ziming Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Parallel and Distributed Systems, SEIEE, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0142-8212","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Parallel and Distributed Systems, SEIEE, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080497883","display_name":"Mingyu Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4270-4124"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391012619","display_name":"Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/03wkvpx79","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4391012619"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingyu Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Parallel and Distributed Systems, SEIEE, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","Shanghai AI Laboratory, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4270-4124","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Parallel and Distributed Systems, SEIEE, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai AI Laboratory, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4391012619"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101471238","display_name":"Xujie Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9064-9544"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xujie Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Parallel and Distributed Systems, SEIEE, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9064-9544","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Parallel and Distributed Systems, SEIEE, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100406215","display_name":"Haibo Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9720-0361"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1327237609","display_name":"Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01mv9t934","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1327237609","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haibo Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Parallel and Distributed Systems, SEIEE, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","Engineering Research Center for Domain-specific Operating Systems, Ministry of Education, China, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9720-0361","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Parallel and Distributed Systems, SEIEE, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Research Center for Domain-specific Operating Systems, Ministry of Education, China, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1327237609"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031955160","display_name":"Binyu Zang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1968-7645"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1327237609","display_name":"Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01mv9t934","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1327237609","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Binyu Zang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Parallel and Distributed Systems, SEIEE, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","Engineering Research Center for Domain-specific Operating Systems, Ministry of Education, China, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1968-7645","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Parallel and Distributed Systems, SEIEE, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Research Center for Domain-specific Operating Systems, Ministry of Education, China, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1327237609"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5024149038"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8968,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78529368,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"72","issue":"11","first_page":"3153","last_page":"3166"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7426348328590393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.4672180414199829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-machine","display_name":"Virtual machine","score":0.45291587710380554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.45255908370018005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memory-footprint","display_name":"Memory footprint","score":0.4313509464263916}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7426348328590393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.4672180414199829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25344961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192726","display_name":"Virtual machine","level":2,"score":0.45291587710380554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.45255908370018005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74912251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6815727","display_name":"Memory footprint","level":2,"score":0.4313509464263916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tc.2023.3288751","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2023.3288751","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157670870","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","issn_l":"0018-9340","issn":["0018-9340","1557-9956","2326-3814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2205269661","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62202295","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6352904881","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62172272","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8677931172","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61925206","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322183","display_name":"Huawei Technologies","ror":"https://ror.org/00cmhce21"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1564747695","https://openalex.org/W2086410626","https://openalex.org/W2132594816","https://openalex.org/W2146528747","https://openalex.org/W2152982904","https://openalex.org/W2160768644","https://openalex.org/W2520189725","https://openalex.org/W2761578098","https://openalex.org/W2886050937","https://openalex.org/W2886464150","https://openalex.org/W2887901326","https://openalex.org/W2907135502","https://openalex.org/W2931122162","https://openalex.org/W2932772649","https://openalex.org/W2979463730","https://openalex.org/W2982076181","https://openalex.org/W2985432842","https://openalex.org/W2986083395","https://openalex.org/W2991101735","https://openalex.org/W3010457348","https://openalex.org/W3010543330","https://openalex.org/W3012028616","https://openalex.org/W3021115254","https://openalex.org/W3044066008","https://openalex.org/W3096533337","https://openalex.org/W3097213700","https://openalex.org/W3177426243","https://openalex.org/W3207408736","https://openalex.org/W3209190856","https://openalex.org/W4231493300","https://openalex.org/W4249622694","https://openalex.org/W4287865415","https://openalex.org/W6726681619","https://openalex.org/W6753337532","https://openalex.org/W6753751555","https://openalex.org/W6754018566","https://openalex.org/W6773725002","https://openalex.org/W6773836194","https://openalex.org/W6775201933","https://openalex.org/W6780736643","https://openalex.org/W6798068959"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3124171372","https://openalex.org/W2235294519","https://openalex.org/W4248174414","https://openalex.org/W2943837643","https://openalex.org/W2075174112","https://openalex.org/W2622620488","https://openalex.org/W2779209348","https://openalex.org/W2931307517","https://openalex.org/W2947326503","https://openalex.org/W1596832152"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"FaaS,":[0],"or":[1,28],"function":[2],"as":[3,30],"a":[4,31,128],"service,":[5],"promises":[6],"unprecedented":[7],"cost-efficiency":[8],"and":[9,15,44,94,108,116,142],"elasticity":[10],"thanks":[11],"to":[12,68,170],"its":[13],"on-demand":[14],"fine-grained":[16],"execution":[17,97],"nature.":[18,71],"However,":[19],"modern":[20],"FaaS":[21,66,132,179,189],"platforms":[22,180],"mainly":[23],"adopt":[24],"virtual":[25,49],"machines":[26,50],"(VMs)":[27],"containers":[29],"computing":[32],"abstraction,":[33],"which":[34,52,134],"incurs":[35],"costs":[36],"like":[37,181],"high":[38,45],"startup":[39],"latency,":[40],"large":[41],"memory":[42],"footprint,":[43],"communication":[46],"overhead.":[47],"Multi-tasking":[48],"(MVMs),":[51],"allow":[53],"co-executing":[54],"multiple":[55],"functions":[56,93],"in":[57,168],"the":[58,100,154],"same":[59],"managed":[60],"language":[61],"runtime,":[62],"are":[63,75],"appealing":[64],"for":[65,78,90,112,131,146,188],"due":[67],"their":[69,95],"lightweight":[70],"Unfortunately,":[72],"existing":[73],"MVMs":[74,84],"not":[76,86],"designed":[77],"FaaS.":[79],"The":[80],"proposed":[81],"abstraction":[82],"of":[83,157,173],"does":[85],"provide":[87],"specialized":[88],"support":[89,111,145,187],"fine-grained,":[91],"latency-sensitive":[92],"chain-like":[96],"patterns.":[98],"Meanwhile,":[99],"underlying":[101],"runtime":[102,144],"still":[103],"contains":[104],"many":[105],"global":[106],"modules":[107],"lacks":[109],"essential":[110],"function-level":[113],"resource":[114],"accounting":[115],"isolation.":[117,147],"To":[118],"this":[119,121],"end,":[120],"work":[122],"proposes":[123],"<italic":[124,139,148,164],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[125,140,149,165],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">Flock</i>":[126,150,166],",":[127],"retrofitted":[129],"MVM":[130],"execution,":[133],"provides":[135],"FaaS-aware":[136],"abstractions":[137],"named":[138],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">funclets</i>":[141],"enhanced":[143],"is":[151],"implemented":[152],"atop":[153],"HotSpot":[155],"JVM":[156],"OpenJDK":[158],"8.":[159],"Performance":[160],"evaluation":[161],"shows":[162],"that":[163],"results":[167],"up":[169],"three":[171],"orders":[172],"magnitude":[174],"performance":[175],"improvement":[176],"over":[177],"state-of-the-art":[178],"OpenWhisk":[182],"while":[183],"providing":[184],"sufficient":[185],"isolation":[186],"functions.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
