{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4380905848","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2023.3287036","title":"aChain: A SQL-Empowered Analytical Blockchain as a Database","display_name":"aChain: A SQL-Empowered Analytical Blockchain as a Database","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-06-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4380905848","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2023.3287036"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tc.2023.3287036","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2023.3287036","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157670870","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","issn_l":"0018-9340","issn":["0018-9340","1557-9956","2326-3814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108048040","display_name":"Yuchao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2803-589X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yuchao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003941820","display_name":"Yanguo Peng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3210-0714"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanguo Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058120371","display_name":"Ximeng Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4238-3295"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80947539","display_name":"Fuzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/011xvna82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ximeng Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer and Data Science, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Data Science, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010732720","display_name":"Zuobin Ying","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1658-4931"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6469544","display_name":"City University of Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/04gpd4q15","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6469544"]}],"countries":["MO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zuobin Ying","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Data Science, City University of Macau, Macau, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Data Science, City University of Macau, Macau, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6469544"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048420839","display_name":"Jiangtao Cui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5569-0780"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiangtao Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092186385","display_name":"Dongyao Niu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5954-3417"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dongyao Niu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023083832","display_name":"Xiaofang Xia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2953-2313"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaofang Xia","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5108048040"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.10508012,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"72","issue":"11","first_page":"3099","last_page":"3112"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12761","display_name":"Data Stream Mining Techniques","score":0.9878000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8632344007492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/online-analytical-processing","display_name":"Online analytical processing","score":0.8423906564712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sql","display_name":"SQL","score":0.6701153516769409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.655177652835846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atomicity","display_name":"Atomicity","score":0.6470591425895691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relational-database-management-system","display_name":"Relational database management system","score":0.4734106659889221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-integrity","display_name":"Data integrity","score":0.46184247732162476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relational-database","display_name":"Relational database","score":0.434135377407074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.43257033824920654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.42185765504837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-warehouse","display_name":"Data warehouse","score":0.21065464615821838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database-transaction","display_name":"Database transaction","score":0.2054191529750824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.1753070056438446}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8632344007492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201932085","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q642514","display_name":"Online analytical processing","level":3,"score":0.8423906564712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C510870499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47607","display_name":"SQL","level":2,"score":0.6701153516769409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.655177652835846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188045909","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3306359","display_name":"Atomicity","level":3,"score":0.6470591425895691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24394798","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192588","display_name":"Relational database management system","level":3,"score":0.4734106659889221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33762810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461671","display_name":"Data integrity","level":2,"score":0.46184247732162476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5655090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192588","display_name":"Relational database","level":2,"score":0.434135377407074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.43257033824920654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.42185765504837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135572916","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193351","display_name":"Data warehouse","level":2,"score":0.21065464615821838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75949130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848010","display_name":"Database transaction","level":2,"score":0.2054191529750824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.1753070056438446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tc.2023.3287036","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2023.3287036","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157670870","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","issn_l":"0018-9340","issn":["0018-9340","1557-9956","2326-3814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5,"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2095260381","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019M663636","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2300181922","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018M633473","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2754175472","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61902299","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3626935745","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019TQ0239","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4677272570","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61976168","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5116192139","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62002274","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G671647159","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019CGXNG-023","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336567","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8221881480","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62172314","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336567","display_name":"Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2030877481","https://openalex.org/W2534313446","https://openalex.org/W2599536137","https://openalex.org/W2604122668","https://openalex.org/W2887443683","https://openalex.org/W2903368601","https://openalex.org/W2921608598","https://openalex.org/W2923779362","https://openalex.org/W2948269220","https://openalex.org/W2949915933","https://openalex.org/W2970352341","https://openalex.org/W2971147021","https://openalex.org/W2976799000","https://openalex.org/W3013599592","https://openalex.org/W3029785470","https://openalex.org/W3031161010","https://openalex.org/W3032491517","https://openalex.org/W3032514785","https://openalex.org/W3051256509","https://openalex.org/W3131148641","https://openalex.org/W3132005289","https://openalex.org/W3151748982","https://openalex.org/W4211068006","https://openalex.org/W4248175462","https://openalex.org/W4300127641","https://openalex.org/W6793285265"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1982455124","https://openalex.org/W2538102762","https://openalex.org/W1497653608","https://openalex.org/W2015932315","https://openalex.org/W9978827","https://openalex.org/W45850614","https://openalex.org/W2476511644","https://openalex.org/W1575529579","https://openalex.org/W2134231752","https://openalex.org/W4390189116"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,52],"various":[1],"multi-party":[2],"cooperations":[3],"data":[4,80],"stored":[5],"on":[6,107,132],"blockchains":[7],"(i.e.,":[8],"on-chain":[9,79],"data)":[10],"should":[11],"be":[12],"decentralized":[13],"consistent,":[14],"verifiable,":[15],"traceable,":[16],"and":[17,97,119,124],"immutable.":[18],"Online":[19],"analytical":[20,60],"processing":[21],"(OLAP)":[22],"services":[23],"are":[24,37,104],"critical":[25],"requirements":[26],"in":[27],"these":[28],"applications.":[29],"However,":[30],"OLAP":[31,68,135],"performances":[32],"of":[33,42,49,99,117],"existing":[34],"blockchain":[35,61],"systems":[36],"much":[38],"worse":[39],"than":[40],"those":[41],"relational":[43,88],"databases":[44],"due":[45],"to":[46,81,93],"the":[47,72,95,115,129],"lack":[48],"SQL":[50,84],"support.":[51],"this":[53],"paper,":[54],"we":[55,112],"propose":[56],"a":[57,87,133],"novel":[58],"SQL-empowered":[59],"framework,":[62],"aChain.":[63],"It":[64],"fully":[65],"provides":[66],"SQL-based":[67,102],"services,":[69],"while":[70],"keeping":[71],"secure":[73],"characteristics.":[74],"Specifically,":[75],"aChain":[76,118],"relationally":[77],"reorganizes":[78],"support":[82],"full":[83],"executions.":[85],"Then,":[86],"versioning":[89],"scheme":[90],"is":[91,127],"designed":[92,105],"ensure":[94],"atomicity":[96],"consistency":[98],"transactions.":[100],"Furthermore,":[101],"APIs":[103],"based":[106],"an":[108],"execute-order-validate":[109],"architecture.":[110],"Finally,":[111],"demonstrate":[113],"that":[114],"performance":[116],"MySQL":[120],"(in":[121],"both":[122],"cluster":[123],"non-cluster":[125],"models)":[126],"at":[128],"same":[130],"level":[131],"typical":[134],"benchmark,":[136],"TPC-H.":[137]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
