{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4327503277","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2023.3257509","title":"DownShift: Tuning Shift Reduction With Reliability for Racetrack Memories","display_name":"DownShift: Tuning Shift Reduction With Reliability for Racetrack Memories","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-03-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4327503277","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2023.3257509"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tc.2023.3257509","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2023.3257509","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157670870","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","issn_l":"0018-9340","issn":["0018-9340","0016-9340","1557-9956","2326-3814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090070224","display_name":"Asif Ali Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5130-9855"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78650965","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden","ror":"https://ror.org/042aqky30","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78650965"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Asif Ali Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair for Compiler Construction, Technische Universit&#x00E4;t Dresden, Dresden, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5130-9855","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair for Compiler Construction, Technische Universit&#x00E4;t Dresden, Dresden, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78650965"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035578378","display_name":"S\u00e9bastien Ollivier","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8283-0187"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sebastien Ollivier","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8283-0187","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070038996","display_name":"Fazal Hameed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2763-8755"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197827452","display_name":"Institute of Space Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01tmmzv45","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197827452"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fazal Hameed","raw_affiliation_strings":["IST, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IST, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197827452"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030115692","display_name":"Jer\u00f3nimo Castrill\u00f3n","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5007-445X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78650965","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden","ror":"https://ror.org/042aqky30","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78650965"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeronimo Castrillon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair for Compiler Construction, Technische Universit&#x00E4;t Dresden, Dresden, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5007-445X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair for Compiler Construction, Technische Universit&#x00E4;t Dresden, Dresden, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78650965"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030875484","display_name":"Alex K. Jones","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7498-0206"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alex K. Jones","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7498-0206","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4984,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.55933521,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"72","issue":"9","first_page":"2585","last_page":"2599"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11181","display_name":"Advanced Data Storage Technologies","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7353971004486084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.6564356684684753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.5853409767150879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.5315278172492981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.5037664771080017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.4719592332839966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reduction","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","score":0.4283648729324341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-tolerance","display_name":"Fault tolerance","score":0.4202161729335785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-latency","display_name":"Low latency (capital markets)","score":0.41425493359565735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3659805357456207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.18831521272659302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.1096973717212677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.09999564290046692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.0936216413974762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.08524942398071289}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7353971004486084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.6564356684684753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.5853409767150879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.5315278172492981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5037664771080017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.4719592332839966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4283648729324341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63540848","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3140932","display_name":"Fault tolerance","level":2,"score":0.4202161729335785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46637626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6693015","display_name":"Low latency (capital markets)","level":2,"score":0.41425493359565735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3659805357456207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.18831521272659302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.1096973717212677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09999564290046692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0936216413974762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08524942398071289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tc.2023.3257509","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2023.3257509","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157670870","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","issn_l":"0018-9340","issn":["0018-9340","0016-9340","1557-9956","2326-3814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.9100000262260437,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W34041591","https://openalex.org/W1975695617","https://openalex.org/W1981443800","https://openalex.org/W2005242923","https://openalex.org/W2017836239","https://openalex.org/W2055803638","https://openalex.org/W2079103493","https://openalex.org/W2131970767","https://openalex.org/W2295701766","https://openalex.org/W2320746669","https://openalex.org/W2364162979","https://openalex.org/W2517842268","https://openalex.org/W2753463544","https://openalex.org/W2760750485","https://openalex.org/W2785381624","https://openalex.org/W2798306665","https://openalex.org/W2913174568","https://openalex.org/W2955510233","https://openalex.org/W2969383588","https://openalex.org/W2969921993","https://openalex.org/W2971735931","https://openalex.org/W2971784102","https://openalex.org/W3013588319","https://openalex.org/W3036842261","https://openalex.org/W3044787659","https://openalex.org/W3046379179","https://openalex.org/W3047076889","https://openalex.org/W3090455801","https://openalex.org/W3091770080","https://openalex.org/W3177222129","https://openalex.org/W4234969462","https://openalex.org/W4240165677","https://openalex.org/W4249436712","https://openalex.org/W4288083819","https://openalex.org/W4289602093","https://openalex.org/W4290714163","https://openalex.org/W4385732515","https://openalex.org/W6670089854","https://openalex.org/W6800093449","https://openalex.org/W6839070538"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1862835629","https://openalex.org/W2136799148","https://openalex.org/W2897533804","https://openalex.org/W2064849136","https://openalex.org/W2890506991","https://openalex.org/W1993210935","https://openalex.org/W2200913013","https://openalex.org/W3205411230","https://openalex.org/W4286899009","https://openalex.org/W9168048"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ultra-dense":[0],"non-volatileracetrack":[1],"memories(RTMs)":[2],"have":[3],"been":[4,98],"investigated":[5],"at":[6],"various":[7],"levels":[8],"in":[9,23,43,54,206],"the":[10,21,59,87,119,129,154,170,176,191,212],"memory":[11,52,64,125,131],"hierarchy":[12],"for":[13,26,216],"improved":[14,163],"performance":[15,30,80],"and":[16,32,121,127,166,181,187,198],"reduced":[17,155],"energy":[18,167,182,201],"consumption.":[19],"However,":[20,72],"innateshiftoperations":[22],"RTMs,":[24],"required":[25,134],"data":[27,106],"access,":[28],"incur":[29],"penalties":[31],"can":[33,39,56],"induce":[34],"position":[35],"errors.":[36],"These":[37],"factors":[38],"hinder":[40],"their":[41],"applicability":[42],"replacing":[44],"low-latency,":[45],"reliable":[46],"on-chip":[47],"memories.":[48],"Intelligent":[49],"placement":[50,74,107],"of":[51,61,89,124,178,220],"objects":[53,126],"RTMs":[55],"significantly":[57],"reduce":[58],"number":[60,177],"shifts":[62],"per":[63],"access":[65],"with":[66],"little":[67],"to":[68,78,83,169,190,211],"no":[69],"hardware":[70],"overhead.":[71],"existing":[73],"strategies":[75],"may":[76],"lead":[77],"sub-optimal":[79],"when":[81],"applied":[82],"different":[84],"architectures.":[85],"Additionally,":[86],"impact":[88],"these":[90],"shift":[91,146,156,207],"optimization":[92],"techniques":[93],"on":[94],"RTM":[95],"reliability":[96,148,172,214],"has":[97],"insufficiently":[99],"investigated.":[100],"We":[101],"propose":[102,141],"DownShift,":[103],"a":[104,142,217],"generalized":[105],"mechanism":[108],"that":[109],"improves":[110],"upon":[111],"prior":[112],"approaches":[113],"by":[114,184],"taking":[115],"into":[116],"account":[117],"(1)":[118],"timing":[120],"liveliness":[122],"information":[123],"(2)":[128],"underlying":[130],"architecture,":[132],"including":[133],"shifting":[135],"fault":[136,208],"tolerance.":[137],"Thus,":[138],"we":[139],"also":[140],"collaboratively":[143],"designed":[144],"new":[145],"alignment":[147],"technique":[149],"called":[150],"GROGU.":[151],"GROGU":[152,193],"leverages":[153],"window":[157],"made":[158],"possible":[159],"through":[160],"DownShift":[161,174],"allowing":[162],"reliability,":[164],"area,":[165],"compared":[168,189,210],"state-of-the-art":[171],"approaches.":[173],"reduces":[175],"shifts,":[179],"runtime,":[180],"consumption":[183],"3.24\u00d7,":[185],"47.6%,":[186],"70.8%":[188],"state-of-the-art.":[192],"consumes":[194],"2.2\u00d7":[195],"less":[196,200],"area":[197],"1.3\u00d7":[199],"while":[202],"providing":[203],"16.8\u00d7":[204],"improvement":[205],"tolerance":[209],"leading":[213],"approach":[215],"latency":[218],"degradation":[219],"only":[221],"3.2%.":[222]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
