{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4315489334","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2023.3235975","title":"Split: A Hash-based Memory Optimization Method for Zero-Knowledge Succinct Non-Interactive Argument of Knowledge (zk-SNARK)","display_name":"Split: A Hash-based Memory Optimization Method for Zero-Knowledge Succinct Non-Interactive Argument of Knowledge (zk-SNARK)","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4315489334","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2023.3235975"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tc.2023.3235975","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2023.3235975","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157670870","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","issn_l":"0018-9340","issn":["0018-9340","1557-9956","2326-3814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036050711","display_name":"Huayi Qi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8251-4221"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Huayi Qi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022187689","display_name":"Ye Cheng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ye Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103077343","display_name":"Minghui Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3675-3461"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Minghui Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045982340","display_name":"Dongxiao Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6835-5981"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dongxiao Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100405763","display_name":"Haipeng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4201-1122"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haipeng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100444159","display_name":"Weifeng Lyu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7061-9509"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weifeng Lyu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5036050711"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.5135,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95832802,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"14"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zero-knowledge-proof","display_name":"Zero-knowledge proof","score":0.8015788793563843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7006142139434814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-proof","display_name":"Mathematical proof","score":0.6115147471427917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hash-function","display_name":"Hash function","score":0.5413861274719238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.5336874723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.47758010029792786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.4633311331272125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gas-meter-prover","display_name":"Gas meter prover","score":0.4204915165901184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3566160202026367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2729751467704773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.1723431944847107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.16436076164245605}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176329583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191943","display_name":"Zero-knowledge proof","level":3,"score":0.8015788793563843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7006142139434814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108710211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11538","display_name":"Mathematical proof","level":2,"score":0.6115147471427917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99138194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183427","display_name":"Hash function","level":2,"score":0.5413861274719238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.5336874723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.47758010029792786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.4633311331272125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159718280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5526353","display_name":"Gas meter prover","level":3,"score":0.4204915165901184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3566160202026367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2729751467704773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.1723431944847107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.16436076164245605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tc.2023.3235975","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2023.3235975","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157670870","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","issn_l":"0018-9340","issn":["0018-9340","1557-9956","2326-3814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4180724","https://openalex.org/W1424543055","https://openalex.org/W2018746447","https://openalex.org/W2028696431","https://openalex.org/W2043007983","https://openalex.org/W2118864530","https://openalex.org/W2166670067","https://openalex.org/W2313589991","https://openalex.org/W2342707649","https://openalex.org/W2496543269","https://openalex.org/W2536319456","https://openalex.org/W2552640487","https://openalex.org/W2563798834","https://openalex.org/W2726092462","https://openalex.org/W2765206040","https://openalex.org/W2794848620","https://openalex.org/W2898776076","https://openalex.org/W2948043589","https://openalex.org/W2952852190","https://openalex.org/W2969207949","https://openalex.org/W3003508977","https://openalex.org/W3088182571","https://openalex.org/W3089471898","https://openalex.org/W3091883733","https://openalex.org/W3117919763","https://openalex.org/W3170118407","https://openalex.org/W3173964665","https://openalex.org/W3174661669","https://openalex.org/W3202343456","https://openalex.org/W4210288541","https://openalex.org/W4210498039","https://openalex.org/W4212962064","https://openalex.org/W6694322842","https://openalex.org/W6740443968","https://openalex.org/W6754314453","https://openalex.org/W6784293753","https://openalex.org/W6797455463","https://openalex.org/W6802192092"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2794624029","https://openalex.org/W2950541934","https://openalex.org/W2978367780","https://openalex.org/W2785078146","https://openalex.org/W4313679712","https://openalex.org/W3187976475","https://openalex.org/W3158728532","https://openalex.org/W3030007483","https://openalex.org/W3202533652","https://openalex.org/W3174634921"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Zero-Knowledge":[0],"Succinct":[1],"Non-Interactive":[2],"Argument":[3],"of":[4,32,45,72,147],"Knowledge":[5],"(zk-SNARK)":[6],"is":[7,108],"a":[8,54,77,105,165],"practical":[9,180],"zero-knowledge":[10,28],"proof":[11],"system":[12],"for":[13,53,63,153],"Rank-1":[14],"Constraint":[15],"Satisfaction":[16],"(R1CS),":[17],"enabling":[18],"privacy":[19],"preservation":[20],"and":[21,145],"addressing":[22],"the":[23,43,46,61,69,86,117,143,159],"previous":[24],"scalability":[25],"concerns":[26],"on":[27],"proofs.":[29],"Existing":[30],"constructions":[31],"zk-SNARKs":[33,172],"require":[34],"huge":[35],"memory":[36,70,151],"overhead":[37],"to":[38,84,131,164,179],"generate":[39],"proofs":[40],"in":[41,116,149],"that":[42,90,169],"size":[44],"zk-SNARK":[47,87,106],"circuit":[48,107,160],"can":[49,92,161,173],"be":[50,93,162,174],"large":[51],"even":[52],"very":[55],"simple":[56],"use":[57],"case,":[58],"which":[59,129],"limits":[60],"applications":[62],"regular":[64],"resource-constrained":[65,154],"users.":[66],"To":[67],"reduce":[68],"utilization":[71],"zk-SNARKs,":[73],"this":[74],"paper":[75],"presents":[76],"hash-based":[78],"method":[79],"\u201cSplit\u201d.":[80],"Concretely,":[81],"Split":[82,124,148,171],"intends":[83],"partition":[85],"circuits":[88],"so":[89],"components":[91],"processed":[94],"sequentially":[95],"while":[96],"ensuring":[97],"strong":[98],"security":[99],"properties":[100],"leveraging":[101],"hash":[102],"circuits.":[103],"As":[104],"partitioned,":[109],"obsolete":[110],"variables":[111],"are":[112],"no":[113],"longer":[114],"preserved":[115],"memory.":[118],"We":[119],"further":[120],"propose":[121],"an":[122],"enhanced":[123],"as":[125,156,158],"<inline-formula><tex-math":[126],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$n$</tex-math></inline-formula>":[127],"-Split,":[128],"leads":[130],"better":[132],"optimization":[133],"by":[134],"properly":[135],"choosing":[136],"multiple":[137],"splits.":[138],"Our":[139],"experimental":[140],"results":[141],"validate":[142],"effectiveness":[144],"efficiency":[146],"conserving":[150],"usage":[152],"provers":[155],"long":[157],"partitioned":[163],"Good":[166],"Split,":[167],"indicating":[168],"via":[170],"brought":[175],"one":[176],"step":[177],"closer":[178],"applications.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
