{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4315473075","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2023.3235973","title":"WhistleBlower: A System-Level Empirical Study on RowHammer","display_name":"WhistleBlower: A System-Level Empirical Study on RowHammer","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4315473075","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2023.3235973"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tc.2023.3235973","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2023.3235973","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157670870","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","issn_l":"0018-9340","issn":["0018-9340","1557-9956","2326-3814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014677031","display_name":"He Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9434-5218"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wei He","raw_affiliation_strings":["SKLOIS, Institute of Information Engineering, CAS and School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","SKLOIS, Institute of Information Engineering, CAS, China; School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SKLOIS, Institute of Information Engineering, CAS and School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"SKLOIS, Institute of Information Engineering, CAS, China; School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100410710","display_name":"Zhi Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3604-5369"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292875679","display_name":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation","ror":"https://ror.org/03qn8fb07","country_code":"AU","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177877127","display_name":"The University of Western Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/047272k79","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42894916","display_name":"Data61","ror":"https://ror.org/03q397159","country_code":"AU","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I42894916","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia","Data61, CSIRO, Australia; University of Western Australia, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data61, CSIRO, Australia; University of Western Australia, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42894916","https://openalex.org/I177877127","https://openalex.org/I1292875679"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047799795","display_name":"Yueqiang Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6277-340X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39774598","display_name":"Hefei University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5rdf64","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39774598"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yueqiang Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["NIO, Hefei, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NIO, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39774598"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100390305","display_name":"Wenhao Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenhao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["SKLOIS, Institute of Information Engineering, CAS and School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","SKLOIS, Institute of Information Engineering, CAS, China; School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SKLOIS, Institute of Information Engineering, CAS and School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"SKLOIS, Institute of Information Engineering, CAS, China; School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101887493","display_name":"Wei Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5649-1580"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["SKLOIS, Institute of Information Engineering, CAS and School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","SKLOIS, Institute of Information Engineering, CAS, China; School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SKLOIS, Institute of Information Engineering, CAS and School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"SKLOIS, Institute of Information Engineering, CAS, China; School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101863680","display_name":"Yansong Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5783-2172"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292875679","display_name":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation","ror":"https://ror.org/03qn8fb07","country_code":"AU","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42894916","display_name":"Data61","ror":"https://ror.org/03q397159","country_code":"AU","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I42894916","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yansong Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Data61, CSIRO, Canberra, Australia","Data61, CSIRO, Australia; School of Computer Science and Engineering, NanJing University of Science and Technology, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data61, CSIRO, Canberra, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42894916","https://openalex.org/I1292875679"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data61, CSIRO, Australia; School of Computer Science and Engineering, NanJing University of Science and Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I42894916"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101699575","display_name":"Qifei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0812-8872"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qifei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","School of Software, Zhejiang University, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Zhejiang University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100456986","display_name":"Kang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8136-9816"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98301712","display_name":"Baidu (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/03vs3wt56","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98301712"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Baidu, Beijing, China","Baidu"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Baidu, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98301712"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Baidu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98301712"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004490190","display_name":"Dongxi Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0221-2571"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292875679","display_name":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation","ror":"https://ror.org/03qn8fb07","country_code":"AU","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42894916","display_name":"Data61","ror":"https://ror.org/03q397159","country_code":"AU","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I42894916","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dongxi Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Data61, CSIRO, Canberra, Australia","Data61, CSIRO, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data61, CSIRO, Canberra, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42894916","https://openalex.org/I1292875679"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data61, CSIRO, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42894916","https://openalex.org/I1292875679"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082256444","display_name":"\u202aSurya Nepal\u202c","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3289-6599"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292875679","display_name":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation","ror":"https://ror.org/03qn8fb07","country_code":"AU","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42894916","display_name":"Data61","ror":"https://ror.org/03q397159","country_code":"AU","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I42894916","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Surya Nepal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Data61, CSIRO, Canberra, Australia","Data61, CSIRO, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data61, CSIRO, Canberra, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42894916","https://openalex.org/I1292875679"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data61, CSIRO, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42894916","https://openalex.org/I1292875679"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":10,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5014677031"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.5753,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90086795,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"74","issue":"3","first_page":"805","last_page":"819"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9944999814033508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dram","display_name":"Dram","score":0.9076992273330688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.5869089961051941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/row","display_name":"Row","score":0.5392424464225769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.49716976284980774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.4894794225692749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.46466124057769775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4382164776325226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.4317128658294678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.26609981060028076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.21418151259422302}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7366592","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1255620","display_name":"Dram","level":2,"score":0.9076992273330688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.5869089961051941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135598885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1366302","display_name":"Row","level":2,"score":0.5392424464225769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.49716976284980774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.4894794225692749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.46466124057769775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4382164776325226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.4317128658294678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.26609981060028076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.21418151259422302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tc.2023.3235973","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2023.3235973","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157670870","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","issn_l":"0018-9340","issn":["0018-9340","1557-9956","2326-3814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/ecd9fb90-acb8-4645-886b-10b56e21679e","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research-repository.uwa.edu.au/en/publications/ecd9fb90-acb8-4645-886b-10b56e21679e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402492","display_name":"UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I177877127","host_organization_name":"The University of Western Australia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177877127"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"He, W, Zhang, Z, Cheng, Y, Wang, W, Song, W, Gao, Y, Zhang, Q, Li, K, Liu, D & Nepal, S 2025, 'WhistleBlower : A System-level Empirical Study on RowHammer', IEEE Transactions on Computers, vol. 74, no. 3, pp. 805-819. https://doi.org/10.1109/TC.2023.3235973","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.550000011920929,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3948952835","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62272452","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7884758391","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62002167","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7903534794","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62172406","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1992487929","https://openalex.org/W2163563130","https://openalex.org/W2175377689","https://openalex.org/W2219635825","https://openalex.org/W2329308213","https://openalex.org/W2418958843","https://openalex.org/W2420049379","https://openalex.org/W2532415871","https://openalex.org/W2537014044","https://openalex.org/W2550432238","https://openalex.org/W2612835180","https://openalex.org/W2769824527","https://openalex.org/W2795222486","https://openalex.org/W2897639728","https://openalex.org/W2910048917","https://openalex.org/W2926775434","https://openalex.org/W2939057911","https://openalex.org/W2962654801","https://openalex.org/W2962726564","https://openalex.org/W2979333187","https://openalex.org/W2997613220","https://openalex.org/W3015367674","https://openalex.org/W3015685940","https://openalex.org/W3016266693","https://openalex.org/W3042829099","https://openalex.org/W3046609696","https://openalex.org/W3092001024","https://openalex.org/W3094572750","https://openalex.org/W3102933117","https://openalex.org/W3146736181","https://openalex.org/W3157056325","https://openalex.org/W3212205796","https://openalex.org/W4233386150","https://openalex.org/W4245276998","https://openalex.org/W4288057800","https://openalex.org/W6723169266","https://openalex.org/W6753951102","https://openalex.org/W6790802987","https://openalex.org/W6810599143"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3120961607","https://openalex.org/W2098207691","https://openalex.org/W3148568549","https://openalex.org/W1648516568","https://openalex.org/W361036515","https://openalex.org/W2950041399","https://openalex.org/W2096844293","https://openalex.org/W2363944576","https://openalex.org/W2351041855","https://openalex.org/W2570254841"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"frequent":[1],"software-induced":[2],"activations":[3],"on":[4,11,57,77,93,112],"DRAM":[5,102,114,123,182,202],"rows,":[6],"bit":[7,35,167],"flips":[8],"can":[9],"occur":[10],"their":[12,55],"physically":[13],"adjacent":[14],"rows":[15],"(i.e.,":[16],"RowHammer).":[17],"Existing":[18],"studies":[19,43],"leverage":[20],"FPGA":[21],"platforms":[22],"to":[23,33,106,151,158],"characterize":[24],"RowHammer,":[25],"which":[26],"have":[27,44],"identified":[28,59],"key":[29],"factors":[30,61,94,142,178],"that":[31,104,136,163,181],"contribute":[32,105,157],"RowHammer":[34,79,166,208],"flips,":[36],"e.g.,":[37],"data":[38],"pattern.":[39],"As":[40],"the":[41,46,49,52,58,97,101,110,132],"FPGA-based":[42],"removed":[45],"interference":[47],"of":[48,175],"OS":[50],"and":[51,81,100,119,179,192],"memory":[53],"controller,":[54],"findings":[56,139],"contributing":[60,177],"do":[62],"not":[63,149],"always":[64],"work":[65],"as":[66],"reported":[67],"in":[68,74],"a":[69,89,152],"real-world":[70,153],"computing":[71],"system,":[72],"resulting":[73],"negative":[75],"effects":[76],"system-level":[78,90],"attacks":[80],"defenses.":[82],"In":[83],"this":[84],"paper,":[85],"we":[86,156],"carry":[87],"out":[88],"empirical":[91],"study":[92,111],"from":[95,125,131],"both":[96,117],"software":[98,133],"side":[99,103,134],"RowHammer.":[107],"We":[108],"conduct":[109],"33":[113],"modules":[115,183],"including":[116],"DDR4":[118],"DDR3,":[120],"with":[121,145],"292":[122],"chips":[124],"various":[126],"vendors.":[127],"Our":[128,169],"experimental":[129],"results":[130,171],"show":[135],"some":[137],"prior":[138],"about":[140],"existing":[141],"are":[143,184],"inconsistent":[144],"our":[146],"observations,":[147],"thus":[148],"applicable":[150],"system.":[154],"Also,":[155],"identifying":[159],"one":[160],"new":[161,176],"factor":[162],"effectively":[164],"affects":[165],"flips.":[168],"DRAM-side":[170],"identify":[172],"three":[173],"types":[174],"indicate":[180],"more":[185],"vulnerable":[186],"if":[187],"they":[188],"achieve":[189],"better":[190],"performance":[191],"lower":[193],"power":[194],"consumption.":[195],"Particularly,":[196],"Intel":[197],"XMP,":[198],"intended":[199],"for":[200,207],"improving":[201],"performance,":[203],"might":[204],"be":[205],"abused":[206],"attacks.":[209]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}