{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4312973582","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2022.3209920","title":"Architecting a Flash-Based Storage System for Low-Cost Inference of Extreme-Scale DNNs","display_name":"Architecting a Flash-Based Storage System for Low-Cost Inference of Extreme-Scale DNNs","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4312973582","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2022.3209920"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tc.2022.3209920","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2022.3209920","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157670870","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","issn_l":"0018-9340","issn":["0018-9340","1557-9956","2326-3814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058933759","display_name":"Yunho Jin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0292-3322"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801851002","display_name":"Harvard University Press","ror":"https://ror.org/006v7bf86","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984","https://openalex.org/I2801851002"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yunho Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801851002"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032723928","display_name":"Shine Kim","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250650973","display_name":"Samsung (South Korea)","ror":"https://ror.org/04w3jy968","country_code":"KR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shine Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Solution Product &amp; Development, Memory Business, Samsung Electronics, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Solution Product &amp; Development, Memory Business, Samsung Electronics, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250650973"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015869752","display_name":"Tae Jun Ham","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2669-6849"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tae Jun Ham","raw_affiliation_strings":["Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100415731","display_name":"Jae W. Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4266-4919"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jae W. Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5058933759"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801851002"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5684,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69443859,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"13"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11181","display_name":"Advanced Data Storage Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11181","display_name":"Advanced Data Storage Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7225329279899597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.5669272541999817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dram","display_name":"Dram","score":0.5494975447654724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.4674699306488037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-data-storage","display_name":"Computer data storage","score":0.45665112137794495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-neural-networks","display_name":"Deep neural networks","score":0.43747660517692566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flops","display_name":"FLOPS","score":0.42747819423675537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4175031781196594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.41512900590896606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flash-memory","display_name":"Flash memory","score":0.4134482443332672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.34893736243247986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.34197962284088135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.3195749521255493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.28347891569137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.2122105360031128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.10600870847702026}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7225329279899597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.5669272541999817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7366592","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1255620","display_name":"Dram","level":2,"score":0.5494975447654724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4674699306488037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194739806","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q66221","display_name":"Computer data storage","level":2,"score":0.45665112137794495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984842247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep neural networks","level":3,"score":0.43747660517692566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3826847","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188768","display_name":"FLOPS","level":2,"score":0.42747819423675537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4175031781196594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.41512900590896606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776531357","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174077","display_name":"Flash memory","level":2,"score":0.4134482443332672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.34893736243247986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.34197962284088135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.3195749521255493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.28347891569137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.2122105360031128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.10600870847702026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tc.2022.3209920","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2022.3209920","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157670870","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","issn_l":"0018-9340","issn":["0018-9340","1557-9956","2326-3814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:s-space.snu.ac.kr:10371/188810","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10371/188810","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401345","display_name":"Seoul National University Open Repository (Seoul National University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","host_organization_name":"Seoul National University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5899999737739563,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1544971428","https://openalex.org/W2271840356","https://openalex.org/W2343750139","https://openalex.org/W2418263554","https://openalex.org/W2442974303","https://openalex.org/W2517657787","https://openalex.org/W2791844663","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2916025345","https://openalex.org/W2949931845","https://openalex.org/W2953212265","https://openalex.org/W2963807318","https://openalex.org/W2969286400","https://openalex.org/W2971034336","https://openalex.org/W2979937837","https://openalex.org/W2980200167","https://openalex.org/W2984100107","https://openalex.org/W2985808369","https://openalex.org/W3010969086","https://openalex.org/W3011542589","https://openalex.org/W3043571714","https://openalex.org/W3094502228","https://openalex.org/W3129705742","https://openalex.org/W3133968057","https://openalex.org/W3133969675","https://openalex.org/W3138246627","https://openalex.org/W3154447666","https://openalex.org/W3155243801","https://openalex.org/W3159535809","https://openalex.org/W3205803342","https://openalex.org/W4226064548","https://openalex.org/W4232503617","https://openalex.org/W4288089799","https://openalex.org/W4292779060","https://openalex.org/W4297747548","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W6694517276","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6749289006","https://openalex.org/W6749669830","https://openalex.org/W6755207826","https://openalex.org/W6759491976","https://openalex.org/W6763549332","https://openalex.org/W6769627184","https://openalex.org/W6774806506","https://openalex.org/W6775311109","https://openalex.org/W6778883912","https://openalex.org/W6784333009","https://openalex.org/W6790981935","https://openalex.org/W6791070262","https://openalex.org/W6791832985","https://openalex.org/W6810510860"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4382323155","https://openalex.org/W4315697128","https://openalex.org/W3148568549","https://openalex.org/W361036515","https://openalex.org/W1648516568","https://openalex.org/W52283896","https://openalex.org/W2382858638","https://openalex.org/W4366606145","https://openalex.org/W2165625864","https://openalex.org/W2042631286"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"size":[1,32],"of":[2,16,33,112],"deep":[3],"neural":[4],"network":[5],"(DNN)":[6],"models":[7],"has":[8,22],"been":[9],"exploding":[10],"rapidly,":[11],"demanding":[12],"a":[13,30,76,82],"colossal":[14],"amount":[15],"memory":[17,42,99,133],"capacity.":[18],"For":[19],"example,":[20],"Google":[21],"recently":[23],"scaled":[24],"its":[25,63],"Switch":[26],"Transformer":[27],"to":[28,35,58,96,120,130],"have":[29],"parameter":[31],"up":[34,129],"6.4":[36],"TB.":[37],"However,":[38],"today's":[39],"HBM":[40],"DRAM-based":[41],"system":[43,95],"for":[44,51],"GPUs":[45],"and":[46,128],"DNN":[47,77,123,138],"accelerators":[48],"is":[49,66],"suboptimal":[50],"these":[52],"extreme-scale":[53],"DNNs":[54],"as":[55],"it":[56],"fails":[57],"provide":[59,97],"enough":[60,98],"capacity":[61],"while":[62,101],"massive":[64],"bandwidth":[65,100],"poorly":[67],"utilized.":[68],"Thus,":[69],"we":[70],"propose":[71],"<italic":[72,84],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[73,85],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">Leviathan</i>":[74],",":[75],"inference":[78],"accelerator,":[79],"which":[80],"integrates":[81],"cost-effective":[83],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">flash-based</i>":[86],"storage":[87,94],"system,":[88],"instead.":[89],"We":[90],"carefully":[91],"architect":[92],"the":[93,121,136],"preventing":[102],"performance":[103],"drop":[104],"caused":[105],"by":[106],"read":[107],"disturbance":[108],"errors.":[109],"Our":[110],"evaluation":[111],"Leviathan":[113],"demonstrates":[114],"an":[115],"8.3\u00d7":[116],"throughput":[117],"gain":[118],"compared":[119],"iso-FLOPS":[122],"accelerator":[124],"with":[125],"conventional":[126],"SSDs":[127],"19.5\u00d7":[131],"higher":[132],"cost-efficiency":[134],"than":[135],"HBM-based":[137],"accelerator.":[139]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}