{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4291910432","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2022.3198628","title":"A Resource Efficient Software-Hardware Co-Design of Lattice-Based Homomorphic Encryption Scheme on the FPGA","display_name":"A Resource Efficient Software-Hardware Co-Design of Lattice-Based Homomorphic Encryption Scheme on the FPGA","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-08-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4291910432","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2022.3198628"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tc.2022.3198628","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2022.3198628","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157670870","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","issn_l":"0018-9340","issn":["0018-9340","1557-9956","2326-3814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054324245","display_name":"Bikram Paul","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2751-9702"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1317621060","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati","ror":"https://ror.org/0022nd079","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1317621060"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bikram Paul","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1317621060"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041528021","display_name":"Tarun Yadav","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5462-8253"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1317621060","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati","ror":"https://ror.org/0022nd079","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1317621060"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tarun Kumar Yadav","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1317621060"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103531986","display_name":"Balbir Singh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1317621060","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati","ror":"https://ror.org/0022nd079","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1317621060"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Balbir Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1317621060"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031209530","display_name":"Srinivasan Krishnaswamy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9714-7399"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1317621060","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati","ror":"https://ror.org/0022nd079","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1317621060"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Srinivasan Krishnaswamy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1317621060"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084072609","display_name":"Gaurav Trivedi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2189-3656"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1317621060","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati","ror":"https://ror.org/0022nd079","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1317621060"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gaurav Trivedi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1317621060"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5054324245"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1317621060"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6552,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86304424,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"72","issue":"5","first_page":"1247","last_page":"1260"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11130","display_name":"Coding theory and cryptography","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7656410932540894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.7504802346229553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homomorphic-encryption","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","score":0.7411015033721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.559407114982605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardware-acceleration","display_name":"Hardware acceleration","score":0.5328457951545715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.5111034512519836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/verilog","display_name":"Verilog","score":0.4655604660511017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.458121657371521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.44615817070007324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.405615895986557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.13924828171730042}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7656410932540894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.7504802346229553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158338273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2154943","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","level":3,"score":0.7411015033721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.559407114982605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13164978","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q600158","display_name":"Hardware acceleration","level":3,"score":0.5328457951545715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.5111034512519836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779030575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q827773","display_name":"Verilog","level":3,"score":0.4655604660511017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.458121657371521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.44615817070007324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.405615895986557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.13924828171730042}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tc.2022.3198628","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2022.3198628","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157670870","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","issn_l":"0018-9340","issn":["0018-9340","1557-9956","2326-3814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325255","display_name":"Ministry of Electronics and Information technology","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326272","display_name":"Department of Science and Technology, Philippines","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W17575016","https://openalex.org/W56544557","https://openalex.org/W104209573","https://openalex.org/W913176383","https://openalex.org/W1494049356","https://openalex.org/W1497981337","https://openalex.org/W1575598731","https://openalex.org/W1755636270","https://openalex.org/W1761303171","https://openalex.org/W1850468005","https://openalex.org/W1979120705","https://openalex.org/W1989510734","https://openalex.org/W2029465551","https://openalex.org/W2042872772","https://openalex.org/W2043088506","https://openalex.org/W2058785578","https://openalex.org/W2061949491","https://openalex.org/W2089477764","https://openalex.org/W2107953479","https://openalex.org/W2133465710","https://openalex.org/W2136080590","https://openalex.org/W2153886246","https://openalex.org/W2156030242","https://openalex.org/W2177209050","https://openalex.org/W2226167778","https://openalex.org/W2287312583","https://openalex.org/W2342840989","https://openalex.org/W2415881634","https://openalex.org/W2554750353","https://openalex.org/W2563836461","https://openalex.org/W2792565434","https://openalex.org/W2802574299","https://openalex.org/W2950271523","https://openalex.org/W2965317624","https://openalex.org/W2979557494","https://openalex.org/W2981278682","https://openalex.org/W3084652823","https://openalex.org/W3116767319","https://openalex.org/W4224997339"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2539930818","https://openalex.org/W4390664647","https://openalex.org/W3012147850","https://openalex.org/W4313300189","https://openalex.org/W2387264083","https://openalex.org/W2604877941","https://openalex.org/W2390885485","https://openalex.org/W2518118925","https://openalex.org/W3094476157","https://openalex.org/W3159273459"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Lattice-based":[0],"homomorphic":[1,26,63],"encryption":[2,27],"schemes":[3,29,103],"provide":[4],"strong":[5],"resistance":[6],"against":[7],"quantum":[8],"and":[9,36,82,96,134,141,161],"classical":[10],"computer-based":[11],"adversary":[12],"security":[13,182],"attacks.":[14],"In":[15],"this":[16],"article,":[17],"we":[18],"present":[19],"a":[20,80],"software-hardware":[21],"co-design":[22],"of":[23,144],"two":[24],"partially":[25],"(PHE)":[28],"employing":[30],"an":[31,37,177],"ARM-System":[32],"on":[33,111,154],"Chip":[34],"(ARM-SoC)":[35],"field":[38],"programmable":[39],"gate":[40],"array":[41],"(FPGA).":[42],"This":[43],"provides":[44],"necessary":[45],"acceleration":[46],"to":[47,169,180],"PHE":[48,57,102],"methods":[49],"in":[50,183],"the":[51,66,92,125,145],"ecosystem":[52],"mentioned":[53],"above.":[54],"The":[55,100,115,149],"first":[56],"scheme":[58,68,118],"is":[59,69,89,119],"designed":[60],"for":[61],"generic":[62],"encryption,":[64],"while":[65],"second":[67],"aimed":[70],"at":[71],"resource":[72],"optimized":[73],"lightweight":[74,117],"IoT-driven":[75],"applications.":[76],"For":[77],"seamless":[78],"assimilation,":[79],"robust":[81],"reliable":[83],"low":[84],"latency":[85],"data":[86],"transfer":[87],"protocol":[88],"developed":[90],"between":[91],"FPGA-based":[93],"accelerator":[94],"IP":[95],"ARM-SoC":[97],"host":[98],"system.":[99],"proposed":[101,116,150,175],"are":[104],"realized":[105,153],"using":[106],"Verilog":[107],"hardware":[108,151],"description":[109],"language":[110],"multiple":[112],"FPGA":[113,155],"platforms.":[114],"<inline-formula><tex-math":[120,132,135],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$52.71\\times$</tex-math></inline-formula>":[121],"more":[122],"resource-efficient":[123],"than":[124,139],"pipelined":[126,142],"BGV":[127,146],"RLWE-based":[128,147],"method.":[129],"It":[130],"exhibits":[131],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$1.43\\times$</tex-math></inline-formula>":[133],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$1.29\\times$</tex-math></inline-formula>":[136],"better":[137],"throughput":[138],"non-pipelined":[140],"realizations":[143],"scheme.":[148],"accelerators":[152],"platforms":[156],"having":[157],"lesser":[158],"clock":[159],"speed":[160],"consuming":[162],"lower":[163],"resources":[164],"showcase":[165],"significant":[166],"speedup":[167],"compared":[168],"their":[170],"software":[171],"implementations":[172],"making":[173],"our":[174],"method":[176],"efficient":[178],"alternative":[179],"enhance":[181],"edge-enabled":[184],"IoT":[185],"devices.":[186]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-12T08:34:05.389933","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}