{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4285306160","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2022.3184270","title":"LightWarner: Predicting Failure of 3D NAND Flash Memory Using Reinforcement Learning","display_name":"LightWarner: Predicting Failure of 3D NAND Flash Memory Using Reinforcement Learning","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4285306160","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2022.3184270"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tc.2022.3184270","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2022.3184270","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157670870","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","issn_l":"0018-9340","issn":["0018-9340","1557-9956","2326-3814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088804371","display_name":"Yuqian Pan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2778-0839"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yuqian Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028953855","display_name":"Haichun Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4553-8317"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haichun Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Haoming Zhang is with the Futurepath Technology (Wuhan) Co. Ltd., Wuhan, China","Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Haoming Zhang is with the Futurepath Technology (Wuhan) Co. Ltd., Wuhan, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086609776","display_name":"Runze Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9806-3559"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Runze Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033897386","display_name":"Zhaojun Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5467-6597"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhaojun Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101413203","display_name":"Haoming Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0610-4113"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haoming Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Haoming Zhang is with the Futurepath Technology (Wuhan) Co. Ltd., Wuhan, China","Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Haoming Zhang is with the Futurepath Technology (Wuhan) Co. Ltd., Wuhan, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005457877","display_name":"Zhenglin Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1546-3417"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenglin Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5088804371"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.0727,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87217799,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"14"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11181","display_name":"Advanced Data Storage Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11181","display_name":"Advanced Data Storage Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9628999829292297,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11478","display_name":"Caching and Content Delivery","score":0.9595000147819519,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.845985472202301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-portability","display_name":"Software portability","score":0.6349364519119263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.5749253034591675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flash","display_name":"Flash (photography)","score":0.5535616278648376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.527077853679657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5228307843208313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.5170779228210449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.48287537693977356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flash-memory-emulator","display_name":"Flash memory emulator","score":0.43442684412002563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/error-detection-and-correction","display_name":"Error detection and correction","score":0.4252721071243286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flash-file-system","display_name":"Flash file system","score":0.394027441740036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-memory","display_name":"Computer memory","score":0.1934460997581482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semiconductor-memory","display_name":"Semiconductor memory","score":0.17244547605514526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.1644839644432068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.1052682101726532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.071097731590271}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.845985472202301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63000827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3080428","display_name":"Software portability","level":2,"score":0.6349364519119263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.5749253034591675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777526259","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221836","display_name":"Flash (photography)","level":2,"score":0.5535616278648376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.527077853679657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5228307843208313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.5170779228210449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.48287537693977356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96535780","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5457561","display_name":"Flash memory emulator","level":5,"score":0.43442684412002563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103088060","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062839","display_name":"Error detection and correction","level":2,"score":0.4252721071243286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27670709","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5457555","display_name":"Flash file system","level":4,"score":0.394027441740036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92855701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5830907","display_name":"Computer memory","level":3,"score":0.1934460997581482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98986596","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1143031","display_name":"Semiconductor memory","level":2,"score":0.17244547605514526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.1644839644432068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.1052682101726532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.071097731590271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tc.2022.3184270","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2022.3184270","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157670870","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","issn_l":"0018-9340","issn":["0018-9340","1557-9956","2326-3814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.47999998927116394}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7794477427","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61874047","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W41554520","https://openalex.org/W121121004","https://openalex.org/W174590522","https://openalex.org/W2003308079","https://openalex.org/W2017657360","https://openalex.org/W2041662986","https://openalex.org/W2107726111","https://openalex.org/W2109136771","https://openalex.org/W2160696698","https://openalex.org/W2432108543","https://openalex.org/W2481347112","https://openalex.org/W2487412587","https://openalex.org/W2541678180","https://openalex.org/W2607424069","https://openalex.org/W2623407995","https://openalex.org/W2759844020","https://openalex.org/W2773019458","https://openalex.org/W2787073357","https://openalex.org/W2794657861","https://openalex.org/W2797923169","https://openalex.org/W2883087177","https://openalex.org/W2938812810","https://openalex.org/W2952506913","https://openalex.org/W2955769598","https://openalex.org/W2975816678","https://openalex.org/W3012066402","https://openalex.org/W3012485205","https://openalex.org/W3016129047","https://openalex.org/W3021129579","https://openalex.org/W3037675456","https://openalex.org/W4288629930","https://openalex.org/W6637448163","https://openalex.org/W6689285290","https://openalex.org/W6695128442"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1937038249","https://openalex.org/W2082353818","https://openalex.org/W2291767606","https://openalex.org/W164278522","https://openalex.org/W2182056015","https://openalex.org/W1994190181","https://openalex.org/W2349131258","https://openalex.org/W1993672638","https://openalex.org/W2378293894","https://openalex.org/W2354105763"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"NAND":[0,18],"flash":[1,19,32,60,137,152,167],"memory":[2,20],"has":[3],"gained":[4],"popularity":[5],"in":[6,100],"a":[7],"wide":[8],"variety":[9],"of":[10,41,64,71,91,96,111,145,150,186],"digital":[11],"storage":[12],"systems.":[13],"Although":[14],"with":[15,68,189],"excellent":[16],"performance,":[17],"suffers":[21],"various":[22],"reliability":[23],"problems.":[24],"In":[25,74],"recent":[26],"years,":[27],"researchers":[28],"try":[29],"to":[30,76,78,85,88,106,108,183],"predict":[31],"failure":[33,44,92],"by":[34],"using":[35],"machine-learning":[36,42,82],"models.":[37],"However,":[38],"the":[39,48,62,69,79,81,109,143,184],"application":[40],"based":[43,125],"prediction":[45,65,104],"method":[46],"faces":[47],"following":[49],"problems:":[50],"imbalance":[51],"between":[52],"robustness":[53],"and":[54],"portability.":[55],"When":[56],"applying":[57],"on":[58,126,147,165],"different":[59,166],"chips,":[61,168],"performance":[63,90,144],"model":[66,83,98,105],"degrades":[67],"variation":[70,110,185],"error":[72,112,133,187],"characteristics.":[73,113],"order":[75],"adapt":[77,107,182],"variation,":[80],"needs":[84],"be":[86],"re-built":[87],"ensure":[89],"prediction.":[93],"The":[94,154],"overheads":[95],"re-building":[97],"result":[99,156],"challenges":[101],"when":[102],"adjusting":[103],"To":[114],"overcome":[115],"these":[116],"challenges,":[117],"we":[118],"present":[119],"LightWarner,":[120],"an":[121],"easily":[122],"applicable":[123],"predictor":[124],"model-free":[127],"Reinforcement":[128],"learning":[129,177],"algorithms.":[130],"LightWarner":[131,146,159,180],"learns":[132],"characteristics":[134,188],"dynamically":[135],"during":[136],"lifetime":[138],"without":[139],"pre-training.":[140],"We":[141],"evaluate":[142],"six":[148],"types":[149],"3D":[151],"chips.":[153],"evaluation":[155],"shows":[157],"that":[158],"achieves":[160],"over":[161],"93%":[162],"F1":[163],"score":[164],"which":[169],"is":[170],"about":[171],"10%":[172],"higher":[173],"than":[174],"supervised":[175],"machine":[176],"methods.":[178],"And":[179],"can":[181],"low":[190],"migration":[191],"costs.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}