{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4285285689","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2022.3180990","title":"WHISTLE: CPU Abstractions for Hardware and Software Memory Safety Invariants","display_name":"WHISTLE: CPU Abstractions for Hardware and Software Memory Safety Invariants","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4285285689","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2022.3180990"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tc.2022.3180990","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2022.3180990","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157670870","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","issn_l":"0018-9340","issn":["0018-9340","1557-9956","2326-3814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036470848","display_name":"Sungkeun Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0855-2443"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sungkeun Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, TX","M University, TX"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, TX","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"M University, TX","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015685038","display_name":"Farabi Mahmud","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8324-792X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Farabi Mahmud","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, TX","M University, TX"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, TX","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"M University, TX","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040392661","display_name":"Jiayi Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4011-6668"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiayi Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027873879","display_name":"Pritam Majumder","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0313-7526"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pritam Majumder","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, TX","M University, TX"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, TX","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"M University, TX","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030297011","display_name":"Chia-Che Tsai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0016-6487"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chia-Che Tsai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, TX","M University, TX"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, TX","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"M University, TX","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102915313","display_name":"Abdullah Muzahid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8145-815X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdullah Muzahid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, TX","M University, TX"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, TX","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"M University, TX","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100354947","display_name":"Eun Jung Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6824-0516"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eun Jung Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, TX","M University, TX"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, TX","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"M University, TX","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5036470848"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4137,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.67560574,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"13"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11005","display_name":"Radiation Effects in Electronics","score":0.9768000245094299,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10478","display_name":"Diamond and Carbon-based Materials Research","score":0.9745000004768372,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8792155385017395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memory-safety","display_name":"Memory safety","score":0.8072307109832764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pointer","display_name":"Pointer (user interface)","score":0.5719323754310608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correctness","display_name":"Correctness","score":0.4981191158294678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.42829036712646484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memory-model","display_name":"Memory model","score":0.42052358388900757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.39273273944854736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.38223356008529663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.3494720458984375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.3418152630329132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.28796547651290894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shared-memory","display_name":"Shared memory","score":0.2743086814880371}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8792155385017395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28180684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4080983","display_name":"Memory safety","level":3,"score":0.8072307109832764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150202949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107602","display_name":"Pointer (user interface)","level":2,"score":0.5719323754310608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.4981191158294678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.42829036712646484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12186640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6815743","display_name":"Memory model","level":3,"score":0.42052358388900757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.39273273944854736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.38223356008529663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.3494720458984375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.3418152630329132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.28796547651290894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133875982","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q764810","display_name":"Shared memory","level":2,"score":0.2743086814880371}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tc.2022.3180990","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2022.3180990","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157670870","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","issn_l":"0018-9340","issn":["0018-9340","1557-9956","2326-3814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8199999928474426,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1969275903","https://openalex.org/W2070090222","https://openalex.org/W2090510313","https://openalex.org/W2121562991","https://openalex.org/W2136269217","https://openalex.org/W2144789413","https://openalex.org/W2145377152","https://openalex.org/W2147657366","https://openalex.org/W2150120520","https://openalex.org/W2150290060","https://openalex.org/W2153543246","https://openalex.org/W2166431824","https://openalex.org/W2517176850","https://openalex.org/W2725159389","https://openalex.org/W2780057871","https://openalex.org/W2884076027","https://openalex.org/W2903305687","https://openalex.org/W2903910116","https://openalex.org/W2934720435","https://openalex.org/W2963311060","https://openalex.org/W2974932038","https://openalex.org/W2979641711","https://openalex.org/W2996860026","https://openalex.org/W3015216799","https://openalex.org/W3043044582","https://openalex.org/W3093685702","https://openalex.org/W3101333446","https://openalex.org/W3151891900","https://openalex.org/W3192385226","https://openalex.org/W3205730643","https://openalex.org/W4206959453","https://openalex.org/W4237907241","https://openalex.org/W4239042909","https://openalex.org/W4239342816","https://openalex.org/W4252481514","https://openalex.org/W6753443810","https://openalex.org/W6756740455","https://openalex.org/W6776945642"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2141365240","https://openalex.org/W4319323806","https://openalex.org/W4245736681","https://openalex.org/W4239042909","https://openalex.org/W4242254025","https://openalex.org/W2246674664","https://openalex.org/W2896400991","https://openalex.org/W2362192177","https://openalex.org/W2056167392","https://openalex.org/W2748224507"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Memory":[0],"safety":[1],"invariants":[2,59,76,102],"extracted":[3],"from":[4],"a":[5,86,95],"program":[6,58],"can":[7,32,113,159],"help":[8],"defend":[9],"and":[10,15,43,56,67,91,100,107,163,166],"detect":[11,33,160],"against":[12,64],"both":[13,65,161],"software":[14,66,162],"hardware":[16,68],"memory":[17,29,69,82,168],"violations.":[18,169],"For":[19],"instance,":[20],"by":[21,130],"allowing":[22],"only":[23],"specific":[24],"instructions":[25],"to":[26,41,54,60,104,138,148],"access":[27],"certain":[28],"locations,":[30],"system":[31],"out-of-bound":[34],"or":[35,117,176],"illegal":[36],"pointer":[37],"dereferences":[38],"that":[39,74,158],"lead":[40],"correctness":[42],"security":[44],"issues.":[45],"In":[46],"this":[47],"paper,":[48],"we":[49],"propose":[50],"CPU":[51],"abstractions,":[52],"called,":[53],"specify":[55],"check":[57],"provide":[61],"defense":[62],"mechanism":[63],"violations":[70,141],"at":[71,80],"runtime.":[72],"ensures":[73],"the":[75,150],"must":[77],"be":[78,114],"satisfied":[79],"every":[81],"accesses.":[83],"We":[84],"present":[85],"fast":[87,134],"invariant":[88,111],"address":[89],"translation":[90],"retrieval":[92],"scheme":[93],"using":[94],"specialized":[96],"cache.":[97],"It":[98],"stores":[99],"checks":[101,112],"related":[103],"global,":[105],"stack":[106],"heap":[108],"objects.":[109],"The":[110],"performed":[115],"synchronously":[116],"asynchronously.":[118,181],"uses":[119],"synchronous":[120],"checking":[121,174,180],"for":[122,152],"high":[123],"security-critical":[124],"programs,":[125],"while":[126],"others":[127],"are":[128],"protected":[129],"asynchronous":[131],"checking.":[132],"A":[133],"exception":[135],"is":[136],"proposed":[137],"alert":[139],"any":[140],"as":[142,144],"soon":[143],"possible":[145],"in":[146],"order":[147],"close":[149],"gap":[151],"transient":[153],"attacks.":[154],"Our":[155],"evaluation":[156],"shows":[157],"hardware,":[164],"spatial":[165],"temporal":[167],"incurs":[170],"53%":[171],"overhead":[172,178],"when":[173,179],"synchronously,":[175],"15%":[177]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}