{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385269205","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2021.3077687","title":"Secure Deep Learning in Defense in Deep-Learning-as-a-Service Computing Systems in Digital Twins","display_name":"Secure Deep Learning in Defense in Deep-Learning-as-a-Service Computing Systems in Digital Twins","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-07-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385269205","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2021.3077687"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tc.2021.3077687","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2021.3077687","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157670870","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","issn_l":"0018-9340","issn":["0018-9340","1557-9956","2326-3814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108044017","display_name":"Zhihan Lv","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2525-3074"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123387679","display_name":"Uppsala University","ror":"https://ror.org/048a87296","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123387679"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhihan Lv","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Game Design, Faculty of Arts, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2525-3074","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Game Design, Faculty of Arts, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123387679"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100687772","display_name":"Dongliang Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108688024","display_name":"Qingdao University","ror":"https://ror.org/021cj6z65","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108688024"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dongliang Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108688024"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052160218","display_name":"Bin Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4558-9501"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184843921","display_name":"Hebei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/018hded08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184843921"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bin Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4558-9501","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184843921"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079301418","display_name":"Houbing Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2631-9223"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84475105","display_name":"Embry\u2013Riddle Aeronautical University","ror":"https://ror.org/010jskt71","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84475105"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Houbing Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["Security and Optimization for Networked Globe Laboratory (SONG Lab), Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, FL, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2631-9223","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Security and Optimization for Networked Globe Laboratory (SONG Lab), Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84475105"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023204809","display_name":"Haibin Lv","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1059-4765"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1331374319","display_name":"National Bureau of Statistics of China","ror":"https://ror.org/008zm7t63","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1331374319","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I211433327","display_name":"Ministry of Natural Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/02kxqx159","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haibin Lv","raw_affiliation_strings":["North China Sea Offshore Engineering Survey Institute, the Ministry of Natural Resources North Sea Bureau, Qingdao, Shandong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1059-4765","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North China Sea Offshore Engineering Survey Institute, the Ministry of Natural Resources North Sea Bureau, Qingdao, Shandong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1331374319","https://openalex.org/I211433327"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.1036,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":56,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98312061,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"73","issue":"3","first_page":"656","last_page":"668"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8293243050575256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.6710069179534912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.6406472325325012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5576711893081665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-belief-network","display_name":"Deep belief network","score":0.5451052784919739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5360143184661865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5224077701568604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyberspace","display_name":"Cyberspace","score":0.5113682150840759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-security","display_name":"Network security","score":0.49021250009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.4785495400428772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.46049195528030396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4355413615703583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.359235942363739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.11217275261878967}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8293243050575256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.6710069179534912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.6406472325325012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5576711893081665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97385483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16954980","display_name":"Deep belief network","level":3,"score":0.5451052784919739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5360143184661865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5224077701568604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781241145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204606","display_name":"Cyberspace","level":3,"score":0.5113682150840759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182590292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q989632","display_name":"Network security","level":2,"score":0.49021250009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.4785495400428772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.46049195528030396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4355413615703583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.359235942363739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.11217275261878967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tc.2021.3077687","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2021.3077687","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157670870","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","issn_l":"0018-9340","issn":["0018-9340","1557-9956","2326-3814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.6600000262260437,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2079411451","https://openalex.org/W2154350082","https://openalex.org/W2414564754","https://openalex.org/W2417915283","https://openalex.org/W2426032775","https://openalex.org/W2462597051","https://openalex.org/W2522626811","https://openalex.org/W2752582747","https://openalex.org/W2782735691","https://openalex.org/W2783741806","https://openalex.org/W2790583291","https://openalex.org/W2799716926","https://openalex.org/W2807404326","https://openalex.org/W2808748539","https://openalex.org/W2890474333","https://openalex.org/W2912043702","https://openalex.org/W2914502888","https://openalex.org/W2921194803","https://openalex.org/W2925211503","https://openalex.org/W2945566856","https://openalex.org/W2950250245","https://openalex.org/W2952314417","https://openalex.org/W2965644191","https://openalex.org/W2979202956","https://openalex.org/W2979571639","https://openalex.org/W2998645245","https://openalex.org/W3010195139","https://openalex.org/W3038154406","https://openalex.org/W3041173183","https://openalex.org/W3045162101","https://openalex.org/W3049204557","https://openalex.org/W3089683609","https://openalex.org/W3115360974","https://openalex.org/W4240505729","https://openalex.org/W4241179191","https://openalex.org/W6751700327"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2387580700","https://openalex.org/W2746581472","https://openalex.org/W60934498","https://openalex.org/W2899285606","https://openalex.org/W2376886931","https://openalex.org/W2061466315","https://openalex.org/W2010561419","https://openalex.org/W2374845301","https://openalex.org/W2351448539","https://openalex.org/W1977863481"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"While":[0],"Digital":[1],"Twins":[2],"(DTs)":[3],"bring":[4],"convenience":[5],"to":[6,14,49,62,124],"city":[7,15],"managers,":[8],"they":[9],"also":[10],"generate":[11],"new":[12],"challenges":[13],"network":[16,42,50,69,86,130],"security.":[17,51],"Currently,":[18],"cyberspace":[19,55],"security":[20,34,56,72,118,131,219],"becomes":[21],"increasingly":[22],"complicated.":[23],"Intrusion":[24],"detection":[25,76,88,159,207,212],"and":[26,40,66,71,84,120,147,221],"Deep":[27,92,141],"Learning":[28],"(DL)":[29],"are":[30,78,224],"combined":[31],"with":[32,91,167,231],"shunning":[33],"threats":[35],"in":[36,180],"service":[37,102],"computing":[38],"systems":[39],"improving":[41],"defense":[43,132],"capabilities.":[44],"DTs":[45,61],"can":[46,57],"be":[47,58],"applied":[48],"People's":[52],"understanding":[53],"of":[54,161,178,186,234],"improved":[59],"using":[60],"digitally":[63],"define,":[64],"model,":[65],"display":[67],"the":[68,100,117,129,140,148,157,168,175,181,184,191,197,222,225,228],"environment":[70],"status.":[73],"The":[74,152,214],"intrusion":[75,87],"data":[77,179],"optimized":[79],"based":[80,107],"on":[81,108],"DL":[82],"technology,":[83],"a":[85,104,205],"algorithm":[89,154,193,199,203],"integrated":[90],"Neural":[93],"Network":[94],"(DNN)":[95],"model":[96,106,115,216],"is":[97,112],"proposed.":[98],"In":[99],"cloud":[101,149,218],"system,":[103],"trust":[105,150],"Keyed-Hashing-based":[109],"Self-Synchronization":[110],"(KHSS)":[111],"introduced.":[113],"This":[114],"predicts":[116,217],"state":[119],"detects":[121],"attacks":[122,188],"according":[123],"existing":[125],"malicious":[126],"attacks,":[127],"ensuring":[128,210],"system's":[133],"regular":[134],"operation.":[135],"Finally,":[136],"simulation":[137],"experiments":[138],"verify":[139],"Belief":[142],"Networks":[143],"(DBN)":[144],"model's":[145],"feasibility":[146],"model.":[151],"DBN":[153,192,202],"proposed":[155],"improves":[156],"correct":[158,187],"rate":[160],"unknown":[162],"samples":[163],"by":[164,190,196,200],"4.05%":[165],"compared":[166],"Support":[169],"Vector":[170],"Machine":[171],"(SVM)":[172],"algorithm.":[173],"From":[174],"20,100":[176],"pieces":[177],"test":[182],"dataset,":[183],"number":[185],"detected":[189],"exceeds":[194],"those":[195],"SVM":[198],"818.":[201],"requires":[204],"short":[206],"time":[208],"while":[209],"optimal":[211],"accuracy.":[213],"KHSS+DBN":[215],"states,":[220,230],"results":[223],"same":[226],"as":[227],"actual":[229],"an":[232],"error":[233],"only":[235],"1%\u223c2%.":[236]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}