{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3035749312","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2020.3001170","title":"High-Performance Constant-Time Discrete Gaussian Sampling","display_name":"High-Performance Constant-Time Discrete Gaussian Sampling","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-06-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3035749312","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2020.3001170","mag":"3035749312"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tc.2020.3001170","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2020.3001170","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157670870","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","issn_l":"0018-9340","issn":["0018-9340","1557-9956","2326-3814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046524020","display_name":"Liang Kong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9871-0358"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119392","display_name":"Institute of Microelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/02s6gs133","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210119392"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Liang Kong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9871-0358","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089","https://openalex.org/I4210119392"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069478114","display_name":"Shuguo Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1746-7112"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119392","display_name":"Institute of Microelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/02s6gs133","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210119392"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuguo Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1746-7112","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089","https://openalex.org/I4210119392"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100654406","display_name":"Ruirui Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8870-5237"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119392","display_name":"Institute of Microelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/02s6gs133","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210119392"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruirui Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089","https://openalex.org/I4210119392"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5046524020"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119392","https://openalex.org/I99065089"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9512,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80955555,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"70","issue":"7","first_page":"1019","last_page":"1033"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11130","display_name":"Coding theory and cryptography","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6342219114303589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5260391235351562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sampling","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","score":0.49359428882598877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constant","display_name":"Constant (computer programming)","score":0.4591794013977051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.4535937011241913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reduction","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","score":0.4456419050693512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.4279326796531677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian","display_name":"Gaussian","score":0.4277814030647278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.36307772994041443}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6342219114303589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5260391235351562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.49359428882598877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777027219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1284190","display_name":"Constant (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.4591794013977051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.4535937011241913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4456419050693512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.4279326796531677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.4277814030647278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.36307772994041443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tc.2020.3001170","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2020.3001170","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157670870","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","issn_l":"0018-9340","issn":["0018-9340","1557-9956","2326-3814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G547207987","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61974083","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G902788569","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61674086","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":66,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W39036742","https://openalex.org/W65891367","https://openalex.org/W104209573","https://openalex.org/W121367636","https://openalex.org/W130353434","https://openalex.org/W1014461153","https://openalex.org/W1499766499","https://openalex.org/W1595771334","https://openalex.org/W1603256047","https://openalex.org/W1614548964","https://openalex.org/W1670326208","https://openalex.org/W2038619601","https://openalex.org/W2038761522","https://openalex.org/W2061949491","https://openalex.org/W2098290658","https://openalex.org/W2105761964","https://openalex.org/W2106970188","https://openalex.org/W2113992957","https://openalex.org/W2122086332","https://openalex.org/W2135205181","https://openalex.org/W2140256428","https://openalex.org/W2141389982","https://openalex.org/W2142048307","https://openalex.org/W2143969840","https://openalex.org/W2159044902","https://openalex.org/W2226167778","https://openalex.org/W2261941747","https://openalex.org/W2394993236","https://openalex.org/W2399043040","https://openalex.org/W2401911665","https://openalex.org/W2404668229","https://openalex.org/W2412886904","https://openalex.org/W2494078997","https://openalex.org/W2514893051","https://openalex.org/W2552357046","https://openalex.org/W2563052397","https://openalex.org/W2747375172","https://openalex.org/W2752908210","https://openalex.org/W2765784230","https://openalex.org/W2792220042","https://openalex.org/W2796314191","https://openalex.org/W2796712335","https://openalex.org/W2895332594","https://openalex.org/W2900370870","https://openalex.org/W2919623724","https://openalex.org/W2944971662","https://openalex.org/W2950748447","https://openalex.org/W2953028926","https://openalex.org/W2996041333","https://openalex.org/W3002720885","https://openalex.org/W3004352624","https://openalex.org/W3023478445","https://openalex.org/W3028781487","https://openalex.org/W3111297213","https://openalex.org/W4299352187","https://openalex.org/W6626588369","https://openalex.org/W6636514393","https://openalex.org/W6668387570","https://openalex.org/W6712682734","https://openalex.org/W6713857542","https://openalex.org/W6730201046","https://openalex.org/W6754686569","https://openalex.org/W6771398125","https://openalex.org/W6772466715","https://openalex.org/W6778069045","https://openalex.org/W7053107269"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2375742443","https://openalex.org/W2149381099","https://openalex.org/W1483190388","https://openalex.org/W4200520489","https://openalex.org/W2061536531","https://openalex.org/W193873054","https://openalex.org/W2115140794","https://openalex.org/W2952348651","https://openalex.org/W2378491141","https://openalex.org/W2041120224"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Discrete":[0],"Gaussian":[1],"distribution":[2,38],"plays":[3],"an":[4,78],"essential":[5],"role":[6],"in":[7,26,118],"lattice":[8],"cryptography":[9],"whereas":[10],"naive":[11],"implementations":[12],"suffer":[13],"from":[14,68],"timing":[15],"attacks.":[16],"Unfortunately,":[17],"conversion":[18],"to":[19,72,87,106,137,141,169],"secure":[20],"constant-time":[21,165],"variant":[22],"incurs":[23],"severe":[24],"deterioration":[25],"performance.":[27],"In":[28],"Knuth-Yao":[29,166],"sampling,":[30],"we":[31,49],"demonstrate":[32],"several":[33],"properties":[34],"of":[35,55,101],"the":[36,62,66,90,99,142,163,170],"discrete":[37],"generation":[39],"tree":[40],"involving":[41],"structural":[42],"features":[43],"and":[44,94,104,120,156,189],"finite":[45],"node":[46],"height.":[47],"Accordingly":[48],"propose":[50],"a":[51,124],"generic":[52],"method":[53,131],"independent":[54],"standard":[56],"deviations,":[57],"which":[58],"focuses":[59],"on":[60,123],"minimizing":[61],"Boolean":[63],"expressions":[64],"for":[65],"mapping":[67],"input":[69],"bit":[70],"strings":[71],"output":[73],"sample":[74],"values,":[75],"along":[76],"with":[77,175],"in-depth":[79],"efficiency":[80],"analysis.":[81],"Two":[82],"optimization":[83],"techniques":[84],"are":[85,110],"devised":[86],"further":[88],"propel":[89],"minimization":[91],"by":[92,135],"replacing":[93],"adjusting":[95],"nodes.":[96],"To":[97],"strike":[98],"balance":[100],"computational":[102],"overhead":[103],"closeness":[105],"optimum,":[107],"heuristic":[108],"strategies":[109],"introduced.":[111],"Finally,":[112],"performance":[113],"evaluation":[114],"is":[115],"conducted":[116],"both":[117],"software":[119],"hardware.":[121],"Running":[122],"3.4GHz":[125],"Intel":[126],"Core":[127],"i7-6700":[128],"processor,":[129],"our":[130,149,180],"improves":[132],"sampling":[133],"rate":[134],"up":[136],"29.5":[138],"percent":[139,159,192],"compared":[140],"latest":[143],"technique.":[144],"Targeting":[145],"hardware":[146],"FPGA":[147],"devices,":[148],"approach":[150],"can":[151,182],"be":[152,183],"2.7":[153],"times":[154,187],"faster":[155,188],"achieves":[157],"57.3":[158],"resource":[160],"reduction":[161],"than":[162,196],"original":[164],"sampling.":[167],"Compared":[168],"Cumulative":[171],"Distribution":[172],"Table":[173],"algorithm":[174],"fixed":[176],"step":[177],"binary":[178],"search,":[179],"sampler":[181],"at":[184],"least":[185],"12.6":[186],"gains":[190],"79/61":[191],"better":[193],"area-time":[194],"product":[195],"its":[197],"counterpart":[198],"without/with":[199],"BRAM.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
