{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3018935228","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2020.2988209","title":"WooKong: A Ubiquitous Accelerator for Recommendation Algorithms with Custom Instruction Sets on FPGA","display_name":"WooKong: A Ubiquitous Accelerator for Recommendation Algorithms with Custom Instruction Sets on FPGA","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3018935228","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2020.2988209","mag":"3018935228"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tc.2020.2988209","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2020.2988209","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157670870","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","issn_l":"0018-9340","issn":["0018-9340","1557-9956","2326-3814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011884768","display_name":"Chao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9403-5575"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072915437","display_name":"Lei Gong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8391-5526"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Gong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074990944","display_name":"Xiang Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1301-2807"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiang Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113258716","display_name":"Xi Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4155-3166"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xi Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077322091","display_name":"Xuehai Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8360-3143"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuehai Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5011884768"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3678,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83264435,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"1"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11165","display_name":"Image and Video Quality Assessment","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11165","display_name":"Image and Video Quality Assessment","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10203","display_name":"Recommender Systems and Techniques","score":0.9930999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11605","display_name":"Visual Attention and Saliency Detection","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speedup","display_name":"Speedup","score":0.8285739421844482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8185673356056213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.7576462626457214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.6106486916542053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jaccard-index","display_name":"Jaccard index","score":0.5459541082382202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardware-acceleration","display_name":"Hardware acceleration","score":0.5221971869468689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.4403277635574341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3757908344268799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.36360299587249756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.3508802056312561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.30209264159202576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.26468268036842346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.12193670868873596}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68339613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1549489","display_name":"Speedup","level":2,"score":0.8285739421844482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8185673356056213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.7576462626457214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.6106486916542053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203519979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865360","display_name":"Jaccard index","level":3,"score":0.5459541082382202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13164978","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q600158","display_name":"Hardware acceleration","level":3,"score":0.5221971869468689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.4403277635574341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3757908344268799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.36360299587249756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.3508802056312561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.30209264159202576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.26468268036842346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.12193670868873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tc.2020.2988209","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2020.2988209","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157670870","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","issn_l":"0018-9340","issn":["0018-9340","1557-9956","2326-3814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6800000071525574,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3765510238","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017497","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335892","funder_display_name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6823762549","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"WK2150110003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7639841928","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BK20181193","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7987625805","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017YFA0700900","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336026","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China Stem Cell and Translational Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8758304440","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61976200","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335892","display_name":"Youth Innovation Promotion Association","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336026","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China Stem Cell and Translational Research","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1492347181","https://openalex.org/W1606347560","https://openalex.org/W1608094059","https://openalex.org/W1632742330","https://openalex.org/W1789336918","https://openalex.org/W1966553486","https://openalex.org/W1986989509","https://openalex.org/W2000967104","https://openalex.org/W2030551598","https://openalex.org/W2033500845","https://openalex.org/W2037518952","https://openalex.org/W2062258233","https://openalex.org/W2070167224","https://openalex.org/W2094756095","https://openalex.org/W2127590703","https://openalex.org/W2145431022","https://openalex.org/W2146496959","https://openalex.org/W2152839228","https://openalex.org/W2155893237","https://openalex.org/W2162390675","https://openalex.org/W2233797083","https://openalex.org/W2237922334","https://openalex.org/W2261808795","https://openalex.org/W2276486856","https://openalex.org/W2278433511","https://openalex.org/W2282294254","https://openalex.org/W2285660444","https://openalex.org/W2289891016","https://openalex.org/W2290132443","https://openalex.org/W2293282867","https://openalex.org/W2294282016","https://openalex.org/W2331737637","https://openalex.org/W2339765813","https://openalex.org/W2396572963","https://openalex.org/W2403646140","https://openalex.org/W2508602506","https://openalex.org/W2513568085","https://openalex.org/W2515287984","https://openalex.org/W2518281301","https://openalex.org/W2963367891","https://openalex.org/W3024621361","https://openalex.org/W4235101327","https://openalex.org/W4256629673","https://openalex.org/W6636358008","https://openalex.org/W6636832544","https://openalex.org/W6638020065","https://openalex.org/W6658921715","https://openalex.org/W6683722107","https://openalex.org/W6694596856"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4254879869","https://openalex.org/W3022576529","https://openalex.org/W2628526247","https://openalex.org/W1967938402","https://openalex.org/W2386041993","https://openalex.org/W1608572506","https://openalex.org/W2532502681","https://openalex.org/W2518118925","https://openalex.org/W3159273459","https://openalex.org/W4386568676"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recommendation":[0],"algorithms,":[1,89,98],"such":[2],"as":[3,35],"Neighborhood-based":[4],"Collaborative-":[5],"Filtering":[6],"(CF),":[7],"have":[8],"been":[9],"widely":[10],"applied":[11],"in":[12,63],"various":[13],"emerging":[14],"machine":[15],"learning":[16,130,153],"applications.":[17],"However,":[18],"under":[19],"the":[20,23,74,129,151,174,189],"circumstance":[21],"of":[22,86,177],"explosive":[24],"big":[25],"data,":[26],"it":[27,36],"poses":[28],"significant":[29],"challenges":[30],"to":[31,45,53,82,127,179],"CF":[32,87,118],"recommendation":[33,76,88],"algorithms":[34,119],"is":[37,80],"becoming":[38],"quite":[39],"time":[40],"and":[41,48,95,110,120,131,154,161],"energy-consuming.":[42],"It":[43,79],"has":[44,173],"be":[46],"optimized":[47],"accelerated":[49],"by":[50],"powerful":[51],"engines":[52],"process":[54],"on":[55,77,139],"large":[56],"data":[57],"scale.":[58],"To":[59,112],"solve":[60],"these":[61,116],"problems,":[62],"this":[64],"article,":[65],"we":[66,122],"propose":[67],"WooKong,":[68],"a":[69,136,140],"ubiquitous":[70],"accelerator":[71,172],"architecture":[72],"for":[73,115],"collaborative-filtering":[75],"FPGA.":[78],"able":[81],"accommodate":[83],"three":[84],"types":[85],"including":[90,105],"User-based":[91],"CF,":[92,94],"Item-based":[93],"SlopeOne":[96],"recommendations":[97],"with":[99,165,182,188],"five":[100],"different":[101,117],"similarity":[102],"analysis":[103],"metrics":[104],"Jaccard,":[106],"Cosine,":[107],"CosineIR,":[108],"euclidean,":[109],"Pearson.":[111],"maintain":[113],"flexibility":[114],"metrics,":[121],"adopt":[123],"custom":[124],"instruction":[125],"sets":[126],"manipulate":[128],"prediction":[132,155],"accelerators.":[133],"We":[134],"implement":[135],"hardware":[137,191],"prototype":[138],"real":[141],"Xilinx":[142],"Zynq":[143],"FPGA":[144],"development":[145],"board.":[146],"Experimental":[147],"results":[148],"show":[149],"that":[150],"proposed":[152],"accelerators":[156],"can":[157],"achieve":[158],"8.0X":[159],"speedup":[160,163],"1.7X":[162],"compared":[164,181],"an":[166,183],"Intel":[167],"i7":[168],"processor":[169],"respectively.":[170],"The":[171],"energy":[175],"benefits":[176],"up":[178],"137.4X":[180],"NVIDIA":[184],"Tesla":[185],"K40C":[186],"GPU,":[187],"affordable":[190],"cost.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}