{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2981918278","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2019.2948323","title":"Lightweight Key Encapsulation Using LDPC Codes on FPGAs","display_name":"Lightweight Key Encapsulation Using LDPC Codes on FPGAs","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-10-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2981918278","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2019.2948323","mag":"2981918278"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tc.2019.2948323","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2019.2948323","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157670870","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","issn_l":"0018-9340","issn":["0018-9340","1557-9956","2326-3814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11566/271010","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084879565","display_name":"Jingwei Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4806-7189"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jingwei Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4806-7189","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108167671","display_name":"Marco Baldi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8754-5526"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122534668","display_name":"Marche Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/00x69rs40","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco Baldi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8754-5526","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084635341","display_name":"Paolo Santini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0631-3668"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122534668","display_name":"Marche Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/00x69rs40","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paolo Santini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016529127","display_name":"Neng Zeng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Neng Zeng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3212-6308","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063268716","display_name":"San Ling","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1978-3557"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"San Ling","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090841998","display_name":"Huaxiong Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7669-8922"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huaxiong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5084879565"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5894,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88048184,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"69","issue":"3","first_page":"327","last_page":"341"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13182","display_name":"Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7740165591239929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-density-parity-check-code","display_name":"Low-density parity-check code","score":0.68846595287323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.6664183139801025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key-encapsulation","display_name":"Key encapsulation","score":0.6315265893936157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nist","display_name":"NIST","score":0.4670174717903137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logic-block","display_name":"Logic block","score":0.4505772888660431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.4503251612186432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.43390628695487976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.42967474460601807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block-size","display_name":"Block size","score":0.4279368817806244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.36988282203674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.3384120762348175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.24428078532218933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-key-cryptography","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","score":0.2283095419406891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key-exchange","display_name":"Key exchange","score":0.1912301778793335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.16617846488952637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.16275149583816528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.15569114685058594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.12082481384277344}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7740165591239929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67692717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187444","display_name":"Low-density parity-check code","level":3,"score":0.68846595287323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.6664183139801025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35181327","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6398156","display_name":"Key encapsulation","level":5,"score":0.6315265893936157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111219384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6954384","display_name":"NIST","level":2,"score":0.4670174717903137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778325283","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1125244","display_name":"Logic block","level":3,"score":0.4505772888660431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.4503251612186432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.43390628695487976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.42967474460601807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41431624","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1053357","display_name":"Block size","level":3,"score":0.4279368817806244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.36988282203674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.3384120762348175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.24428078532218933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203062551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201339","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","level":3,"score":0.2283095419406891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99674996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414155","display_name":"Key exchange","level":4,"score":0.1912301778793335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.16617846488952637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.16275149583816528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.15569114685058594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.12082481384277344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tc.2019.2948323","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2019.2948323","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157670870","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","issn_l":"0018-9340","issn":["0018-9340","1557-9956","2326-3814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dr.ntu.edu.sg:10356/154460","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10356/154460","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402609","display_name":"DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","host_organization_name":"Nanyang Technological University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.univpm.it:11566/271010","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11566/271010","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402571","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche (Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I122534668","host_organization_name":"Marche Polytechnic University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.univpm.it:11566/271010","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11566/271010","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402571","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche (Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I122534668","host_organization_name":"Marche Polytechnic University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.7200000286102295}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5179995724","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MOE2016-T2-2-014(S)","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320751","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Education - Singapore"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320709","display_name":"National Research Foundation Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/03cpyc314"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320751","display_name":"Ministry of Education - Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01kcva023"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W101141927","https://openalex.org/W1550367722","https://openalex.org/W1555772964","https://openalex.org/W1866276740","https://openalex.org/W1882851555","https://openalex.org/W1965275036","https://openalex.org/W2034058358","https://openalex.org/W2061822288","https://openalex.org/W2082866368","https://openalex.org/W2098750211","https://openalex.org/W2100123008","https://openalex.org/W2142475265","https://openalex.org/W2148321903","https://openalex.org/W2150802958","https://openalex.org/W2151025885","https://openalex.org/W2245993970","https://openalex.org/W2520683369","https://openalex.org/W2589752409","https://openalex.org/W2604514247","https://openalex.org/W2604850172","https://openalex.org/W2621357008","https://openalex.org/W2740546450","https://openalex.org/W2751458639","https://openalex.org/W2778213072","https://openalex.org/W2795080420","https://openalex.org/W2895182117","https://openalex.org/W2902198978","https://openalex.org/W2963026014","https://openalex.org/W2963690407","https://openalex.org/W2965452800","https://openalex.org/W2986959318","https://openalex.org/W3023478445","https://openalex.org/W3105780252","https://openalex.org/W3111297213","https://openalex.org/W3172550433","https://openalex.org/W4232078629","https://openalex.org/W4254004483","https://openalex.org/W4390865640","https://openalex.org/W6747581791","https://openalex.org/W6756297088","https://openalex.org/W6770380337","https://openalex.org/W6797158879"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2807901368","https://openalex.org/W2158491338","https://openalex.org/W2133733652","https://openalex.org/W2072658171","https://openalex.org/W2606392311","https://openalex.org/W4385956668","https://openalex.org/W2900895161","https://openalex.org/W4380838366","https://openalex.org/W2491569011","https://openalex.org/W2281059594"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"we":[3,67],"present":[4],"a":[5,10,28,138,172],"lightweight":[6],"hardware":[7],"design":[8,144],"for":[9,58,115,121,164],"recently":[11],"proposed":[12],"quantum-safe":[13],"key":[14,104,165,168],"encapsulation":[15,166],"mechanism":[16],"based":[17],"on":[18,40,171],"QC-LDPC":[19,80],"codes":[20],"called":[21],"LEDAkem,":[22],"which":[23,54],"has":[24],"been":[25],"admitted":[26],"as":[27],"round-2":[29],"candidate":[30],"to":[31,102,134],"the":[32,72,79,84,152,161],"NIST":[33],"post-quantum":[34],"standardization":[35],"project.":[36],"Existing":[37],"implementations":[38],"focus":[39],"high":[41],"speed":[42],"while":[43],"few":[44],"of":[45,74,108,151,160],"them":[46],"take":[47],"into":[48],"account":[49],"area":[50,75,109],"or":[51,60],"power":[52,61],"efficiency,":[53],"are":[55,100],"particularly":[56],"decisive":[57],"low-cost":[59],"constrained":[62],"IoT":[63],"applications.":[64],"The":[65,142],"solution":[66],"propose":[68],"aims":[69],"at":[70],"maximizing":[71],"metric":[73],"efficiency":[76],"by":[77],"rotating":[78],"code":[81],"representations":[82],"amongst":[83],"block":[85,98],"RAMs":[86],"in":[87,106],"digit":[88],"level.":[89],"Moreover,":[90],"optimized":[91],"parallelized":[92],"computing":[93],"techniques,":[94],"lazy":[95],"accumulation":[96],"and":[97,110,129,136,155,167],"partition":[99],"exploited":[101],"improve":[103],"decapsulation":[105,169],"terms":[107],"timing":[111],"efficiency.":[112],"We":[113],"show":[114],"instance":[116],"that":[117],"our":[118],"area-optimized":[119,143],"implementation":[120],"128-bit":[122],"security":[123],"requires":[124],"6.82":[125],"x":[126,131],"105":[127],"cycles":[128,133],"2.26":[130],"106":[132],"encapsulate":[135],"decapsulate":[137],"shared":[139],"secret,":[140],"respectively.":[141],"uses":[145],"only":[146],"39":[147],"slices":[148,157],"(3":[149],"percent":[150,159],"available":[153,162],"logic)":[154,163],"809":[156],"(39":[158],"respectively,":[170],"small-size":[173],"low-end":[174],"Xilinx":[175],"Spartan-6":[176],"FPGA.":[177]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}