{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2971946864","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2019.2936192","title":"New Flexible Multiple-Precision Multiply-Accumulate Unit for Deep Neural Network Training and Inference","display_name":"New Flexible Multiple-Precision Multiply-Accumulate Unit for Deep Neural Network Training and Inference","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-09-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2971946864","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2019.2936192","mag":"2971946864"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tc.2019.2936192","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2019.2936192","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157670870","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","issn_l":"0018-9340","issn":["0018-9340","1557-9956","2326-3814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100397041","display_name":"Hao Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3027-0485"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32625721","display_name":"University of Saskatchewan","ror":"https://ror.org/010x8gc63","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32625721"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3027-0485","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32625721"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100364587","display_name":"Dongdong Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4642-4373"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343180700","display_name":"Intel (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01ek73717","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dongdong Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intel Corporation, San Jose, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intel Corporation, San Jose, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054217230","display_name":"Seok\u2010Bum Ko","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9287-317X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32625721","display_name":"University of Saskatchewan","ror":"https://ror.org/010x8gc63","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32625721"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seok-Bum Ko","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9287-317X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32625721"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100397041"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32625721"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6329,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":55,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87389304,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"69","issue":"1","first_page":"26","last_page":"38"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12676","display_name":"Machine Learning and ELM","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11034","display_name":"Digital Filter Design and Implementation","score":0.9861999750137329,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/floating-point-unit","display_name":"Floating-point unit","score":0.7180940508842468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6936452388763428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/floating-point","display_name":"Floating point","score":0.6073006987571716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ieee-floating-point","display_name":"IEEE floating point","score":0.5730340480804443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.542752742767334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unit","display_name":"Unit (ring theory)","score":0.5342283248901367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5253769159317017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/16-bit","display_name":"16-bit","score":0.5083655714988708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/single-precision-floating-point-format","display_name":"Single-precision floating-point format","score":0.4898938536643982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4690936803817749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.4595426917076111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.4572874903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exponent","display_name":"Exponent","score":0.42589038610458374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.4251788854598999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-unit","display_name":"Control unit","score":0.41988232731819153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.3481822609901428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.24217519164085388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.22995376586914062}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110305270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q733507","display_name":"Floating-point unit","level":3,"score":0.7180940508842468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6936452388763428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84211073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117879","display_name":"Floating point","level":2,"score":0.6073006987571716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137231763","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q828287","display_name":"IEEE floating point","level":3,"score":0.5730340480804443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.542752742767334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122637931","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118084","display_name":"Unit (ring theory)","level":2,"score":0.5342283248901367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5253769159317017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33652231","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194368","display_name":"16-bit","level":2,"score":0.5083655714988708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133095886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1307173","display_name":"Single-precision floating-point format","level":3,"score":0.4898938536643982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4690936803817749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.4595426917076111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.4572874903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780388253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421508","display_name":"Exponent","level":2,"score":0.42589038610458374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.4251788854598999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81988521","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q676838","display_name":"Control unit","level":2,"score":0.41988232731819153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.3481822609901428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.24217519164085388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.22995376586914062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tc.2019.2936192","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2019.2936192","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157670870","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","issn_l":"0018-9340","issn":["0018-9340","1557-9956","2326-3814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310865","display_name":"University of Saskatchewan","ror":"https://ror.org/010x8gc63"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2026445983","https://openalex.org/W2073759049","https://openalex.org/W2082444966","https://openalex.org/W2101906424","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2113893001","https://openalex.org/W2124063495","https://openalex.org/W2147479230","https://openalex.org/W2153225046","https://openalex.org/W2170140732","https://openalex.org/W2171240804","https://openalex.org/W2246760854","https://openalex.org/W2260663238","https://openalex.org/W2289252105","https://openalex.org/W2291160084","https://openalex.org/W2563587242","https://openalex.org/W2574797063","https://openalex.org/W2584311934","https://openalex.org/W2590023945","https://openalex.org/W2595614461","https://openalex.org/W2604319603","https://openalex.org/W2625483679","https://openalex.org/W2729080111","https://openalex.org/W2734572653","https://openalex.org/W2750822049","https://openalex.org/W2763421725","https://openalex.org/W2793950911","https://openalex.org/W2795915628","https://openalex.org/W2797533424","https://openalex.org/W2890144054","https://openalex.org/W2900613774","https://openalex.org/W2914973130","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2962786581","https://openalex.org/W2963112338","https://openalex.org/W4247198796","https://openalex.org/W4300232160","https://openalex.org/W6691194387","https://openalex.org/W6692521979","https://openalex.org/W6696798448","https://openalex.org/W6734868079","https://openalex.org/W6743617437","https://openalex.org/W6745245109","https://openalex.org/W6750597106"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2596474508","https://openalex.org/W2797902698","https://openalex.org/W3215589575","https://openalex.org/W1564887326","https://openalex.org/W2000092506","https://openalex.org/W4243574357","https://openalex.org/W2169016399","https://openalex.org/W2116803521","https://openalex.org/W3210704572","https://openalex.org/W2971946864"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"a":[3,48,102,121,171],"new":[4],"flexible":[5],"multiple-precision":[6],"multiply-accumulate":[7],"(MAC)":[8],"unit":[9,22,35,56,80,90,108,131,159,180],"is":[10],"proposed":[11,20,34,54,78,89,107,129,157,178],"for":[12,200],"deep":[13,201],"neural":[14,146],"network":[15],"training":[16],"and":[17,27,63],"inference.":[18],"The":[19],"MAC":[21,39,55,79,94,130,154,158,175,179],"supports":[23,36,82,91,132],"both":[24],"fixed-point":[25,83,86],"operations":[26,139],"floating-point":[28,31],"operations.":[29,84],"For":[30,85],"format,":[32,87],"the":[33,53,59,71,77,88,106,125,128,142,150,156,177,192],"one":[37,92],"16-bit":[38,49,93,103,122,152],"operation":[40],"or":[41,95],"sum":[42,96,115],"of":[43,61,73,97,116,134,144],"two":[44,98],"8-bit":[45,99,189],"multiplications":[46,100,119],"plus":[47,101,120],"addend.":[50,104,123],"To":[51],"make":[52],"more":[57,161],"versatile,":[58],"bit-width":[60,72],"exponent":[62,74,190],"mantissa":[64],"can":[65,109],"be":[66,110],"flexibly":[67],"exchanged.":[68],"By":[69],"setting":[70],"to":[75,113,140,149,170,195],"zero,":[76],"also":[81],"Moreover,":[105],"further":[111],"divided":[112],"support":[114,143],"four":[117],"4-bit":[118],"At":[124],"lowest":[126],"precision,":[127],"accumulating":[133],"eight":[135],"1-bit":[136],"logic":[137],"AND":[138],"enable":[141],"binary":[145],"networks.":[147],"Compared":[148,169],"standard":[151,172],"half-precision":[153],"unit,":[155,176],"provides":[160,188],"flexibility":[162],"with":[163],"only":[164],"21.8":[165],"percent":[166],"area":[167],"overhead.":[168],"32-bit":[173],"single-precision":[174],"requires":[181],"much":[182],"less":[183],"hardware":[184],"cost":[185],"but":[186],"still":[187],"in":[191],"numerical":[193],"format":[194],"maintain":[196],"large":[197],"dynamic":[198],"range":[199],"learning":[202],"computing.":[203]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-29T09:16:38.111599","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}