{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2900613774","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2018.2880742","title":"Efficient Mitchell\u2019s Approximate Log Multipliers for Convolutional Neural Networks","display_name":"Efficient Mitchell\u2019s Approximate Log Multipliers for Convolutional Neural Networks","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-11-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2900613774","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2018.2880742","mag":"2900613774"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tc.2018.2880742","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2018.2880742","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157670870","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","issn_l":"0018-9340","issn":["0018-9340","0016-9340","1557-9956","2326-3814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100394479","display_name":"Min Soo Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8838-8246"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204250578","display_name":"University of California, Irvine","ror":"https://ror.org/04gyf1771","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Min Soo Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, US"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8838-8246","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000493005","display_name":"Alberto A. Del Barrio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6769-1200"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121748325","display_name":"Universidad Complutense de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/02p0gd045","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121748325"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210139293","display_name":"Comunidad de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/040scgh75","country_code":"ES","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210139293"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alberto A. Del Barrio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Comunidad de Madrid, ES"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6769-1200","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Comunidad de Madrid, ES","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121748325","https://openalex.org/I4210139293"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103826052","display_name":"Leonardo Tavares Oliveira","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177909021","display_name":"Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Carlos","ror":"https://ror.org/00qdc6m37","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177909021"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leonardo Tavares Oliveira","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos, Sao Carlos, SP, BR"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos, Sao Carlos, SP, BR","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177909021"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011649907","display_name":"R. Hermida","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8022-6098"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121748325","display_name":"Universidad Complutense de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/02p0gd045","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121748325"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210139293","display_name":"Comunidad de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/040scgh75","country_code":"ES","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210139293"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roman Hermida","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Comunidad de Madrid, ES"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Comunidad de Madrid, ES","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121748325","https://openalex.org/I4210139293"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012004974","display_name":"Nader Bagherzadeh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7216-0546"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204250578","display_name":"University of California, Irvine","ror":"https://ror.org/04gyf1771","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nader Bagherzadeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, US"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7216-0546","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.4877,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":135,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.953653,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"68","issue":"5","first_page":"660","last_page":"675"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10688","display_name":"Image and Signal Denoising Methods","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10688","display_name":"Image and Signal Denoising Methods","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11034","display_name":"Digital Filter Design and Implementation","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5948188304901123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5926963090896606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4144960641860962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.3638400137424469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.3574678301811218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3362116813659668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2995906472206116}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5948188304901123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5926963090896606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4144960641860962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.3638400137424469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.3574678301811218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3362116813659668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2995906472206116}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tc.2018.2880742","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2018.2880742","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157670870","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","issn_l":"0018-9340","issn":["0018-9340","0016-9340","1557-9956","2326-3814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.9100000262260437,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322015","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325955","display_name":"Erzincan \u00dcniversitesi","ror":"https://ror.org/02h1e8605"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1902934009","https://openalex.org/W1999890536","https://openalex.org/W2010069327","https://openalex.org/W2048266589","https://openalex.org/W2051831389","https://openalex.org/W2065359960","https://openalex.org/W2081381940","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2101288337","https://openalex.org/W2106484393","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2111013824","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2114837206","https://openalex.org/W2123135716","https://openalex.org/W2124651102","https://openalex.org/W2150100620","https://openalex.org/W2155893237","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2244803248","https://openalex.org/W2289254158","https://openalex.org/W2300242332","https://openalex.org/W2400523863","https://openalex.org/W2497368240","https://openalex.org/W2533121491","https://openalex.org/W2590016403","https://openalex.org/W2606722458","https://openalex.org/W2615654743","https://openalex.org/W2790285612","https://openalex.org/W2790724940","https://openalex.org/W2799283557","https://openalex.org/W2963114950","https://openalex.org/W3116537075","https://openalex.org/W4246795461","https://openalex.org/W4249697915","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6639703010","https://openalex.org/W6652670974","https://openalex.org/W6677490153","https://openalex.org/W6682286684","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6696152683","https://openalex.org/W6698200048","https://openalex.org/W6712508627"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2051487156","https://openalex.org/W2073681303","https://openalex.org/W2053286651","https://openalex.org/W2181743346","https://openalex.org/W2187401768","https://openalex.org/W4321487865","https://openalex.org/W2181413294","https://openalex.org/W4313906399","https://openalex.org/W2989452537","https://openalex.org/W4239306820"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1,62],"proposes":[2,64],"energy-efficient":[3],"approximate":[4,118],"multipliers":[5],"based":[6],"on":[7,16,107],"the":[8,27,43,46,52,66,77,85,91,97,104,115,123,127,146,162],"Mitchell\u2019s":[9],"log":[10,28,54],"multiplication,":[11],"optimized":[12],"for":[13,161],"performing":[14],"inferences":[15],"convolutional":[17],"neural":[18],"networks":[19],"(CNN).":[20],"Various":[21],"design":[22,133],"techniques":[23],"are":[24],"applied":[25],"to":[26,50,69,140,145],"multiplier,":[29],"including":[30],"a":[31,155],"fully-parallel":[32],"LOD,":[33],"efficient":[34],"shift":[35],"amount":[36],"calculation,":[37],"and":[38],"exact":[39,147],"zero":[40],"computation.":[41],"Additionally,":[42],"truncation":[44],"of":[45,76,90,117,125,129,158],"operands":[47],"is":[48,94],"studied":[49],"create":[51],"customizable":[53,132],"multiplier":[55,149],"that":[56,80],"further":[57],"reduces":[58],"energy":[59,143],"consumption.":[60],"The":[61,88,109],"also":[63,111],"using":[65],"one\u2019s":[67],"complements":[68,79],"handle":[70],"negative":[71],"numbers,":[72],"as":[73,101,103],"an":[74],"approximation":[75],"two\u2019s":[78],"had":[81],"been":[82],"used":[83],"in":[84,120],"prior":[86],"works.":[87],"viability":[89],"proposed":[92,131],"designs":[93],"supported":[95],"by":[96],"detailed":[98],"formal":[99],"analysis":[100],"well":[102],"experimental":[105],"results":[106],"CNNs.":[108],"experiments":[110],"provide":[112],"insights":[113],"into":[114],"effect":[116],"multiplication":[119],"CNNs,":[121],"identifying":[122],"importance":[124],"minimizing":[126],"range":[128],"error.The":[130],"at":[134,150],"$w$w":[135],"=":[136],"8":[137],"saves":[138],"up":[139],"88":[141],"percent":[142,160],"compared":[144],"fixed-point":[148],"32":[151],"bits":[152],"with":[153],"just":[154],"performance":[156],"degradation":[157],"0.2":[159],"ImageNet":[163],"ILSVRC2012":[164],"dataset.":[165]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}