{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2791777778","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2018.2817237","title":"A Stochastic Computational Multi-Layer Perceptron with Backward Propagation","display_name":"A Stochastic Computational Multi-Layer Perceptron with Backward Propagation","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-03-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2791777778","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2018.2817237","mag":"2791777778"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tc.2018.2817237","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2018.2817237","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157670870","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","issn_l":"0018-9340","issn":["0018-9340","0016-9340","1557-9956","2326-3814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003927912","display_name":"Yidong Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0004-3804"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154425047","display_name":"University of Alberta","ror":"https://ror.org/0160cpw27","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yidong Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0004-3804","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005839811","display_name":"Siting Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0505-8183"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154425047","display_name":"University of Alberta","ror":"https://ror.org/0160cpw27","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siting Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0505-8183","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100651384","display_name":"Yanzhi Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3024-7990"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I70983195","display_name":"Syracuse University","ror":"https://ror.org/025r5qe02","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I70983195"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanzhi Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70983195"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001979328","display_name":"Fabrizio Lombardi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3152-3245"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fabrizio Lombardi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3152-3245","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005550142","display_name":"Jie Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8849-4994"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154425047","display_name":"University of Alberta","ror":"https://ror.org/0160cpw27","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8849-4994","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.7737,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":112,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98364573,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"67","issue":"9","first_page":"1273","last_page":"1286"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12676","display_name":"Machine Learning and ELM","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11447","display_name":"Blind Source Separation Techniques","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stochastic-computing","display_name":"Stochastic computing","score":0.738118052482605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6920473575592041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perceptron","display_name":"Perceptron","score":0.6162412166595459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5231424570083618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4936271905899048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multilayer-perceptron","display_name":"Multilayer perceptron","score":0.4878237545490265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.3782951235771179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.18947014212608337}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780971903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2933705","display_name":"Stochastic computing","level":3,"score":0.738118052482605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6920473575592041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60908668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690207","display_name":"Perceptron","level":3,"score":0.6162412166595459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5231424570083618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4936271905899048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179717631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2991667","display_name":"Multilayer perceptron","level":3,"score":0.4878237545490265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.3782951235771179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.18947014212608337}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tc.2018.2817237","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2018.2817237","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157670870","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","issn_l":"0018-9340","issn":["0018-9340","0016-9340","1557-9956","2326-3814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.9100000262260437}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1569512666","https://openalex.org/W1612421550","https://openalex.org/W1836465849","https://openalex.org/W1902934009","https://openalex.org/W1987327272","https://openalex.org/W1993617052","https://openalex.org/W2029356595","https://openalex.org/W2032548797","https://openalex.org/W2098470668","https://openalex.org/W2101765144","https://openalex.org/W2105721275","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2113310226","https://openalex.org/W2124861565","https://openalex.org/W2127574124","https://openalex.org/W2142343760","https://openalex.org/W2143612262","https://openalex.org/W2151770284","https://openalex.org/W2156387975","https://openalex.org/W2207624682","https://openalex.org/W2219959730","https://openalex.org/W2267635276","https://openalex.org/W2319292801","https://openalex.org/W2335728318","https://openalex.org/W2402098947","https://openalex.org/W2551814622","https://openalex.org/W2565125333","https://openalex.org/W2627020852","https://openalex.org/W2963114950","https://openalex.org/W3042184340","https://openalex.org/W3102169921","https://openalex.org/W4253182373","https://openalex.org/W4295262505","https://openalex.org/W6638667902","https://openalex.org/W6639703010","https://openalex.org/W6682889407","https://openalex.org/W6693397755","https://openalex.org/W6703116779"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2076543106","https://openalex.org/W3158157485","https://openalex.org/W2243550366","https://openalex.org/W2523437662","https://openalex.org/W2019891950","https://openalex.org/W2085842814","https://openalex.org/W2789124470","https://openalex.org/W4286643620","https://openalex.org/W3000407446","https://openalex.org/W4387048144"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Stochastic":[0],"computation":[1],"has":[2],"recently":[3],"been":[4],"proposed":[5,67,142,171,200,266],"for":[6,38,74,116,146],"implementing":[7,69,176],"artificial":[8],"neural":[9,280],"networks":[10],"with":[11,143,244,283],"reduced":[12],"hardware":[13],"and":[14,22,104,128,135,156,180,209,237,249,260,272],"power":[15],"consumption,":[16],"but":[17],"at":[18,40,190],"a":[19,60,84,129,136,191,218,226,232,238,245,250,278,284],"decreased":[20],"accuracy":[21,195,254],"processing":[23,247],"speed.":[24],"Most":[25],"existing":[26],"implementations":[27,45],"are":[28,36,140,162],"based":[29,131],"on":[30,132],"pre-training":[31],"such":[32,100],"that":[33,169],"the":[34,47,51,54,70,76,102,105,118,133,148,154,160,170,178,184,199,207,213,229,261,265],"weights":[35],"predetermined":[37],"neurons":[39],"different":[41,95],"layers,":[42],"thus":[43],"these":[44],"lack":[46],"ability":[48],"to":[49,93,225],"update":[50],"values":[52],"of":[53,97,159,175,186,194,206,212,253,264,277],"network":[55,281],"parameters.":[56],"In":[57],"this":[58],"paper,":[59],"stochastic":[61,81,86,122,150],"computational":[62,87],"multi-layer":[63],"perceptron":[64],"(SC-MLP)":[65],"is":[66,91,114,173,268],"by":[68,196,217,255],"backward":[71],"propagation":[72],"algorithm":[73,139],"updating":[75],"layer":[77],"weights.":[78],"Using":[79],"extended":[80],"logic":[82],"(ESL),":[83],"reconfigurable":[85],"activation":[88,98],"unit":[89],"(SCAU)":[90],"designed":[92],"implement":[94],"types":[96],"functions":[99],"as":[101],"tanh":[103],"rectifier":[106],"function.":[107],"A":[108,124],"triple":[109],"modular":[110],"redundancy":[111],"(TMR)":[112],"technique":[113],"employed":[115],"reducing":[117,147],"random":[119],"fluctuations":[120],"in":[121],"computation.":[123],"probability":[125],"estimator":[126],"(PE)":[127],"divider":[130],"TMR":[134],"binary":[137],"search":[138],"further":[141],"progressive":[144],"precision":[145],"required":[149],"sequence":[151],"length.":[152],"Therefore,":[153],"latency":[155],"energy":[157,214,240,262],"consumption":[158,215,241,263],"SC-MLP":[161,230],"significantly":[163],"reduced.":[164],"The":[165,258],"simulation":[166],"results":[167],"show":[168],"design":[172,201,219,267],"capable":[174],"both":[177],"training":[179],"inference":[181],"processes.":[182],"For":[183],"classification":[185],"nonlinearly":[187],"separable":[188],"patterns,":[189],"slight":[192,251],"loss":[193],"1.32-1.34":[197],"percent,":[198,275],"requires":[202],"only":[203],"28.5-30.1":[204],"percent":[205,211,271],"area":[208,234,259],"18.9-23.9":[210],"incurred":[216],"using":[220],"floating":[221],"point":[222],"arithmetic.":[223],"Compared":[224],"fixed-point":[227],"implementation,":[228],"consumes":[231],"smaller":[233],"(40.7-45.5":[235],"percent)":[236,243],"lower":[239],"(38.0-51.0":[242],"similar":[246,285],"speed":[248],"drop":[252],"0.15-0.33":[256],"percent.":[257],"from":[269,273],"80.7-87.1":[270],"71.9-93.1":[274],"respectively,":[276],"binarized":[279],"(BNN),":[282],"accuracy.":[286]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-08-02T14:50:37.381335","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
