{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1999031381","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2015.2389808","title":"On the Network Power Effectiveness of Data Center Architectures","display_name":"On the Network Power Effectiveness of Data Center Architectures","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-01-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1999031381","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2015.2389808","mag":"1999031381"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tc.2015.2389808","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2015.2389808","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157670870","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","issn_l":"0018-9340","issn":["0018-9340","1557-9956","2326-3814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102200163","display_name":"Yunfei Shang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yunfei Shang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","Dept. of Computer Science & Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Computer Science & Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100380761","display_name":"Dan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7581-8865"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","Dept. of Computer Science & Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Computer Science & Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100694507","display_name":"Jing Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3524-6532"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","Dept. of Computer Science & Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Computer Science & Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100771111","display_name":"Mingwei Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4847-4585"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingwei Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","Dept. of Computer Science & Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Computer Science & Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102200163"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.3568,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96283772,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"64","issue":"11","first_page":"3237","last_page":"3248"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10829","display_name":"Interconnection Networks and Systems","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-center","display_name":"Data center","score":0.632146418094635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6195969581604004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/center","display_name":"Center (category theory)","score":0.5331152081489563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.503877580165863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.35347068309783936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.34023424983024597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.27777957916259766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.09710672497749329}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153740404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q671224","display_name":"Data center","level":2,"score":0.632146418094635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6195969581604004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779463800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5062222","display_name":"Center (category theory)","level":2,"score":0.5331152081489563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.503877580165863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.35347068309783936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.34023424983024597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.27777957916259766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.09710672497749329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8010536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160398","display_name":"Crystallography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tc.2015.2389808","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2015.2389808","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157670870","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","issn_l":"0018-9340","issn":["0018-9340","1557-9956","2326-3814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8399999737739563,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1631364393","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61432002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4654212855","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61133006","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8899556301","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61170291","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W148964820","https://openalex.org/W1508984155","https://openalex.org/W1523209876","https://openalex.org/W1588945582","https://openalex.org/W1698388015","https://openalex.org/W1857009450","https://openalex.org/W1965012362","https://openalex.org/W1971490020","https://openalex.org/W2000818606","https://openalex.org/W2025177582","https://openalex.org/W2033618285","https://openalex.org/W2052742517","https://openalex.org/W2058135584","https://openalex.org/W2066741260","https://openalex.org/W2097926925","https://openalex.org/W2098008076","https://openalex.org/W2101352979","https://openalex.org/W2106170354","https://openalex.org/W2115538900","https://openalex.org/W2119565742","https://openalex.org/W2126210439","https://openalex.org/W2129437643","https://openalex.org/W2130531694","https://openalex.org/W2134807578","https://openalex.org/W2139573800","https://openalex.org/W2143065961","https://openalex.org/W2152119126","https://openalex.org/W2152783321","https://openalex.org/W2153794195","https://openalex.org/W2155187164","https://openalex.org/W2157614013","https://openalex.org/W2173213060","https://openalex.org/W3147460469","https://openalex.org/W4238465620","https://openalex.org/W4239670432","https://openalex.org/W4250325567","https://openalex.org/W4256524787","https://openalex.org/W6606063390","https://openalex.org/W6630370565","https://openalex.org/W6631527149","https://openalex.org/W6634967737","https://openalex.org/W6639168177","https://openalex.org/W6663881663"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1604898313","https://openalex.org/W2117014006","https://openalex.org/W4233815414","https://openalex.org/W2372170743","https://openalex.org/W1491899005","https://openalex.org/W1558545464","https://openalex.org/W2172791042","https://openalex.org/W1502414128","https://openalex.org/W1997145140","https://openalex.org/W2034384303"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cloud":[0],"computing":[1],"not":[2],"only":[3],"requires":[4],"high-capacity":[5],"data":[6,27,70,88,195,218],"center":[7,28,71,196,219],"networks":[8,72,220],"to":[9,19,34,52,75],"accelerate":[10],"bandwidth-hungry":[11],"computations,":[12],"but":[13,46],"also":[14],"causes":[15],"considerable":[16],"power":[17,54,95,115,142,224],"expenses":[18],"cloud":[20,213],"providers.":[21],"In":[22,179],"recent":[23],"years":[24],"many":[25],"advanced":[26],"network":[29,37,58,98,114,141,223],"architectures":[30,164,169],"have":[31,171],"been":[32,50],"proposed":[33],"increase":[35],"the":[36,53,63,82,92,113,129,159,163,181,190,194,200,208],"throughput,":[38],"such":[39],"as":[40,144,146],"Fat-Tree":[41,175],"[1]":[42],"and":[43,90,97,105,124,127,167,176,184],"BCube":[44],"[2],":[45],"little":[47],"attention":[48],"has":[49],"paid":[51],"efficiency":[55],"of":[56,131],"these":[57],"architectures.":[59,178],"This":[60],"paper":[61],"makes":[62],"first":[64],"comprehensive":[65],"comparison":[66],"study":[67],"for":[68,192,212],"typical":[69],"with":[73],"regard":[74],"their":[76],"Network":[77],"Power":[78],"Effectiveness(NPE),":[79],"which":[80],"indicates":[81],"end-to-end":[83],"bps":[84],"per":[85],"watt":[86],"in":[87,138,153],"transmission":[89],"reflects":[91],"tradeoff":[93],"between":[94],"consumption":[96],"throughput.":[99],"We":[100,117,205],"take":[101],"switches,":[102],"server":[103,106],"NICs":[104],"CPU":[107],"cores":[108],"into":[109],"account":[110],"when":[111,199,215],"evaluating":[112],"consumption.":[116],"measure":[118],"NPE":[119,161],"under":[120,165],"both":[121],"regular":[122],"routing":[123,186],"power-aware":[125,139,185],"routing,":[126,140],"investigate":[128],"impacts":[130],"topology":[132],"size,":[133],"traffic":[134,147,201],"load,":[135],"throughput":[136],"threshold":[137],"parameter":[143],"well":[145],"pattern.":[148],"The":[149],"results":[150,209],"show":[151],"that":[152,207],"most":[154],"cases":[155],"Flattened":[156],"Butterfly":[157],"possesses":[158],"highest":[160],"among":[162],"study,":[166],"server-centric":[168],"usually":[170],"higher":[172],"NPEs":[173,191],"than":[174],"VL2":[177],"addition,":[180],"sleep-on-idle":[182],"technique":[183],"can":[187],"significantly":[188],"improve":[189],"all":[193],"architectures,":[197],"especially":[198],"load":[202],"is":[203],"low.":[204],"believe":[206],"are":[210],"useful":[211],"providers,":[214],"they":[216],"design/upgrade":[217],"or":[221],"employ":[222],"management.":[225]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}