{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2013240518","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2014.2360537","title":"Characterization of Cascading Failures in Interdependent Cyber-Physical Systems","display_name":"Characterization of Cascading Failures in Interdependent Cyber-Physical Systems","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-09-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2013240518","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2014.2360537","mag":"2013240518"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tc.2014.2360537","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2014.2360537","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157670870","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","issn_l":"0018-9340","issn":["0018-9340","0016-9340","1557-9956","2326-3814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100778505","display_name":"Zhen Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4619-0546"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153718931","display_name":"University of Ottawa","ror":"https://ror.org/03c4mmv16","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhen Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["EECS, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"EECS, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100619877","display_name":"Cheng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4693-6424"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153718931","display_name":"University of Ottawa","ror":"https://ror.org/03c4mmv16","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cheng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["EECS, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"EECS, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080364797","display_name":"Milo\u0161 Stojmenovi\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6279-2988"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170253739","display_name":"Singidunum University","ror":"https://ror.org/017v7rz39","country_code":"RS","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170253739"]}],"countries":["RS"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Milos Stojmenovic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Singidunum University, Belgrade, Serbia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Singidunum University, Belgrade, Serbia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170253739"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048076896","display_name":"Amiya Nayak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4605-0500"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153718931","display_name":"University of Ottawa","ror":"https://ror.org/03c4mmv16","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amiya Nayak","raw_affiliation_strings":["EECS, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"EECS, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153718931"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.9765,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":101,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91343727,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"64","issue":"8","first_page":"2158","last_page":"2168"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10064","display_name":"Complex Network Analysis Techniques","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10064","display_name":"Complex Network Analysis Techniques","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9836000204086304,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11896","display_name":"Opportunistic and Delay-Tolerant Networks","score":0.9787999987602234,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cascading-failure","display_name":"Cascading failure","score":0.8200552463531494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyber-physical-system","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","score":0.7991378307342529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interdependent-networks","display_name":"Interdependent networks","score":0.7210732698440552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7096410989761353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.668944239616394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6185842156410217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-resource","display_name":"Computational resource","score":0.5486198663711548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.46415409445762634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","score":0.43147867918014526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.36111873388290405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/complex-network","display_name":"Complex network","score":0.3392965793609619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-complexity-theory","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","score":0.25318020582199097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-system","display_name":"Electric power system","score":0.23504117131233215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.14832597970962524}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119323957","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5048226","display_name":"Cascading failure","level":4,"score":0.8200552463531494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179768478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120057","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","level":2,"score":0.7991378307342529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101142422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17101727","display_name":"Interdependent networks","level":3,"score":0.7210732698440552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7096410989761353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.668944239616394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6185842156410217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127964446","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1092142","display_name":"Computational resource","level":3,"score":0.5486198663711548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.46415409445762634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.43147867918014526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.36111873388290405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34947359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q665189","display_name":"Complex network","level":2,"score":0.3392965793609619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.25318020582199097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.23504117131233215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.14832597970962524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tc.2014.2360537","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2014.2360537","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157670870","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","issn_l":"0018-9340","issn":["0018-9340","0016-9340","1557-9956","2326-3814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5099999904632568,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1571113954","https://openalex.org/W1650742658","https://openalex.org/W1679955203","https://openalex.org/W1875112053","https://openalex.org/W1879056329","https://openalex.org/W1965553357","https://openalex.org/W1968164782","https://openalex.org/W1972716516","https://openalex.org/W1986663967","https://openalex.org/W2000374591","https://openalex.org/W2003089090","https://openalex.org/W2009292627","https://openalex.org/W2010478496","https://openalex.org/W2031427196","https://openalex.org/W2061026255","https://openalex.org/W2077099824","https://openalex.org/W2080731084","https://openalex.org/W2082183509","https://openalex.org/W2083420849","https://openalex.org/W2100815285","https://openalex.org/W2106034715","https://openalex.org/W2106335692","https://openalex.org/W2112090702","https://openalex.org/W2122286097","https://openalex.org/W2128600589","https://openalex.org/W2149527103","https://openalex.org/W2158914121","https://openalex.org/W2159863842","https://openalex.org/W2162668316","https://openalex.org/W2170979603","https://openalex.org/W3122657004","https://openalex.org/W4210901545","https://openalex.org/W4238452917","https://openalex.org/W6684065101"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2076616403","https://openalex.org/W2371613754","https://openalex.org/W4284687079","https://openalex.org/W2050410932","https://openalex.org/W4285132848","https://openalex.org/W1968164782","https://openalex.org/W3194863767","https://openalex.org/W2141132096","https://openalex.org/W2044566076","https://openalex.org/W2075683121"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"we":[3,201],"focus":[4],"on":[5],"the":[6,31,68,75,93,110,119,136,153,157,170,188,195,203,216,224,238,246,254],"cyber-physical":[7],"system":[8,196,208,255],"consisting":[9],"of":[10,60,65,77,138,149,159,172,190,218,226,240],"interdependent":[11,94],"physical-resource":[12,32,44,120,126,241],"and":[13,24,27,33,38,52,88,144,242,245],"computational-resource":[14,34,50,111,243],"networks,":[15,29,244],"e.g.,":[16],"smart":[17],"power":[18],"grids,":[19],"automated":[20],"traffic":[21],"control":[22],"system,":[23],"wireless":[25],"sensor":[26],"actuator":[28],"where":[30],"network":[35,45,112,127],"are":[36],"connected":[37,129],"mutually":[39],"dependent.":[40],"The":[41,97],"failure":[42,57,150],"in":[43,49,58,81,109,125,152,175],"might":[46],"cause":[47],"failures":[48,66,79,140,167],"network,":[51,121],"vice":[53],"versa.":[54],"A":[55],"small":[56],"either":[59],"them":[61],"could":[62],"trigger":[63],"cascade":[64],"within":[67],"entire":[69],"system.":[70,83,154],"We":[71,84,134,155],"aim":[72],"to":[73,130],"investigate":[74],"issue":[76],"cascading":[78,139],"occur":[80],"such":[82],"propose":[85],"a":[86,185,230],"typical":[87],"practical":[89],"model":[90,161],"by":[91,163,168],"introducing":[92],"complex":[95],"network.":[96],"interdependence":[98],"between":[99,248],"two":[100],"networks":[101],"is":[102,128,236],"practically":[103],"defined":[104],"as":[105],"follows:":[106],"Each":[107],"node":[108,124],"has":[113],"only":[114],"one":[115],"support":[116],"link":[117],"from":[118],"while":[122],"each":[123],"multiple":[131],"computational":[132],"nodes.":[133],"study":[135],"effect":[137],"using":[141],"percolation":[142],"theory":[143],"present":[145],"detailed":[146],"mathematical":[147,179],"analysis":[148,180],"propagation":[151],"analyze":[156],"robustness":[158],"our":[160],"caused":[162],"random":[164],"attacks":[165],"or":[166],"calculating":[169],"size":[171,225,239],"functioning":[173,227],"parts":[174,228],"both":[176],"networks.":[177],"Our":[178,210],"proves":[181],"that":[182,237],"there":[183],"exists":[184],"threshold":[186],"for":[187,206],"proportion":[189,217],"faulty":[191,219],"nodes,":[192],"above":[193],"which":[194],"collapses.":[197],"Using":[198],"extensive":[199],"simulations,":[200],"determine":[202],"critical":[204,222],"values":[205],"different":[207],"parameters.":[209],"simulation":[211],"also":[212],"shows":[213],"that,":[214],"when":[215],"nodes":[220],"approaching":[221],"value,":[223],"meets":[229],"second-order":[231],"transition.":[232],"An":[233],"important":[234],"observation":[235],"ratio":[247],"their":[249],"sizes":[250],"do":[251],"not":[252],"affect":[253],"robustness.":[256]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
