{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2122230401","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2003.1159750","title":"Minimum register instruction sequencing to reduce register spills in out-of-order issue superscalar architectures","display_name":"Minimum register instruction sequencing to reduce register spills in out-of-order issue superscalar architectures","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2122230401","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2003.1159750","mag":"2122230401"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tc.2003.1159750","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2003.1159750","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157670870","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","issn_l":"0018-9340","issn":["0018-9340","1557-9956","2326-3814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113510967","display_name":"R. Govindarajan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59270414","display_name":"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore","ror":"https://ror.org/04dese585","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59270414"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"R. Govindarajan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Supercomputer Education & Research Centre and Department of Computer Science & Automation, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India","Dept of Computer Science & Automation, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Supercomputer Education & Research Centre and Department of Computer Science & Automation, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59270414"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept of Computer Science & Automation, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59270414"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101514950","display_name":"Hongbo Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2088-5681"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86501945","display_name":"University of Delaware","ror":"https://ror.org/01sbq1a82","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86501945"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongbo Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA","[Electrical and Computer Engineering Dept., University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86501945"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Electrical and Computer Engineering Dept., University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86501945"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048554669","display_name":"Jos\u00e9 Nelson Amaral","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9943-1809"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154425047","display_name":"University of Alberta","ror":"https://ror.org/0160cpw27","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J.N. Amaral","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada","Dept. of Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080114905","display_name":"Chihong Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087596","display_name":"Qualcomm (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/002zrf773","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087596"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210111675","display_name":"Market Matters","ror":"https://ror.org/021yan307","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210111675"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19268510","display_name":"Qualcomm (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/04d3djg48","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19268510","https://openalex.org/I4210087596"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chihong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qualcomm Inc., San Diego, CA, USA","Qualcomm Inc.  San Diego CA USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qualcomm Inc., San Diego, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087596","https://openalex.org/I4210111675"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qualcomm Inc.  San Diego CA USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19268510","https://openalex.org/I4210111675"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046024163","display_name":"Guang R. Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5265-7528"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86501945","display_name":"University of Delaware","ror":"https://ror.org/01sbq1a82","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86501945"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G.R. Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA","[Electrical and Computer Engineering Dept., University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86501945"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Electrical and Computer Engineering Dept., University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86501945"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5113510967"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59270414"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.767,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":43,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90608865,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"52","issue":"1","first_page":"4","last_page":"20"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9843999743461609,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9807999730110168,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8359873294830322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/register-allocation","display_name":"Register allocation","score":0.6624911427497864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.6433835625648499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/register-file","display_name":"Register file","score":0.6107327938079834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristics","display_name":"Heuristics","score":0.5992953181266785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compiler","display_name":"Compiler","score":0.5491724610328674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/processor-register","display_name":"Processor register","score":0.5350203514099121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/instruction-set","display_name":"Instruction set","score":0.5316081047058105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sequence","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","score":0.506180465221405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.4772615134716034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.4693033993244171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/directed-acyclic-graph","display_name":"Directed acyclic graph","score":0.4627438187599182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.4183889627456665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.3208998739719391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.27725183963775635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.16170382499694824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1103350818157196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.09112310409545898}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8359873294830322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128916667","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1343660","display_name":"Register allocation","level":3,"score":0.6624911427497864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.6433835625648499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117280010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180944","display_name":"Register file","level":3,"score":0.6107327938079834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127705205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5748245","display_name":"Heuristics","level":2,"score":0.5992953181266785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169590947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47506","display_name":"Compiler","level":2,"score":0.5491724610328674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2871975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187466","display_name":"Processor register","level":4,"score":0.5350203514099121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202491316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q272683","display_name":"Instruction set","level":2,"score":0.5316081047058105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778112365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3511065","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","level":2,"score":0.506180465221405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.4772615134716034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.4693033993244171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74197172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1195339","display_name":"Directed acyclic graph","level":2,"score":0.4627438187599182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.4183889627456665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.3208998739719391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.27725183963775635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.16170382499694824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1103350818157196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.09112310409545898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98986596","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1143031","display_name":"Semiconductor memory","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153247305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q835713","display_name":"Memory address","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tc.2003.1159750","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.2003.1159750","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157670870","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","issn_l":"0018-9340","issn":["0018-9340","1557-9956","2326-3814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.49000000953674316,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W163216920","https://openalex.org/W1491178396","https://openalex.org/W1505765192","https://openalex.org/W1510117796","https://openalex.org/W1523901979","https://openalex.org/W1548069888","https://openalex.org/W1551635709","https://openalex.org/W1572089978","https://openalex.org/W1577524924","https://openalex.org/W1585371887","https://openalex.org/W1594015497","https://openalex.org/W1676883323","https://openalex.org/W1985255904","https://openalex.org/W1987157361","https://openalex.org/W1997230820","https://openalex.org/W1999506614","https://openalex.org/W2003804316","https://openalex.org/W2018790814","https://openalex.org/W2023200270","https://openalex.org/W2024598204","https://openalex.org/W2043834751","https://openalex.org/W2044636417","https://openalex.org/W2054996834","https://openalex.org/W2056304107","https://openalex.org/W2060171681","https://openalex.org/W2063255488","https://openalex.org/W2081692214","https://openalex.org/W2102575054","https://openalex.org/W2103990736","https://openalex.org/W2114067856","https://openalex.org/W2118866757","https://openalex.org/W2121088529","https://openalex.org/W2121619519","https://openalex.org/W2123349446","https://openalex.org/W2131570835","https://openalex.org/W2136693413","https://openalex.org/W2140191557","https://openalex.org/W2141582038","https://openalex.org/W2151345470","https://openalex.org/W2164929202","https://openalex.org/W2167822297","https://openalex.org/W2171595223","https://openalex.org/W3148529197","https://openalex.org/W4234787094","https://openalex.org/W4236145149","https://openalex.org/W4236723611","https://openalex.org/W4237486658","https://openalex.org/W4244482609","https://openalex.org/W4248203871","https://openalex.org/W4249679757","https://openalex.org/W4253867227","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6610147327","https://openalex.org/W6632767268","https://openalex.org/W6634469315","https://openalex.org/W6634861328","https://openalex.org/W6680898754","https://openalex.org/W6681556128"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3041671716","https://openalex.org/W2161297616","https://openalex.org/W2122846563","https://openalex.org/W2039534605","https://openalex.org/W2128881050","https://openalex.org/W2034841960","https://openalex.org/W2097978379","https://openalex.org/W2373710463","https://openalex.org/W4232696454","https://openalex.org/W2142682265"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,238],"this":[1,34,314],"paper,":[2],"we":[3,254,273,316],"address":[4],"the":[5,27,35,46,58,73,81,101,104,109,132,155,164,175,182,191,201,206,226,230,251,263,275,279,283,287,306],"problem":[6,48,61],"of":[7,26,29,83,87,98,103,111,184,200,209,229,305,320],"generating":[8,141],"an":[9,68,233,256],"optimal":[10,23,276,284],"instruction":[11,59,84,177],"sequence":[12,144],"S":[13,21],"for":[14,44,72,262,278],"a":[15,63,93,118,142,247,267,299,318],"Directed":[16],"Acyclic":[17],"Graph":[18],"(DAG),":[19],"where":[20],"is":[22,78,311],"in":[24,62,140,154,190,198,298],"terms":[25],"number":[28,183,208],"registers":[30,112],"used.":[31],"We":[32,66,149],"call":[33],"Minimum":[36],"Register":[37],"Instruction":[38],"Sequence":[39],"(MRIS)":[40],"problem.":[41,75,265,281],"The":[42,96],"motivation":[43],"revisiting":[45],"MRIS":[47,74,252,264,280],"stems":[49],"from":[50,286,328],"several":[51],"modern":[52],"architecture":[53],"innovations/requirements":[54],"that":[55,89,174],"has":[56],"put":[57],"sequencing":[60,178],"new":[64],"context.":[65],"develop":[67,255],"efficient":[69,125],"heuristic":[70,294,309],"solution":[71,77,153,249,277,285,295,310],"This":[76,135],"based":[79],"on":[80,163,232],"notion":[82],"lineage-a":[85],"set":[86,319],"instructions":[88,116],"can":[90],"definitely":[91],"share":[92],"single":[94],"register.":[95],"formation":[97],"lineages":[99,129],"exploits":[100],"structure":[102],"dependence":[105,322],"graph":[106],"to":[107,127,240,250],"facilitate":[108],"sharing":[110],"not":[113],"only":[114],"among":[115],"within":[117],"lineage,":[119],"but":[120],"also":[121],"across":[122],"lineages.":[123],"Our":[124,170,203],"heuristics":[126,245],"\"fuse\"":[128],"further":[130],"reduce":[131],"register":[133,137,147],"requirement.":[134],"reduced":[136],"requirement":[138],"results":[139,172],"code":[143],"with":[145,292],"fewer":[146],"spills.":[148],"have":[150],"implemented":[151],"our":[152,223,244,293,308],"MIPSpro":[156],"production":[157],"compiler":[158],"and":[159,187,212,218],"measured":[160],"its":[161],"performance":[162],"SPEC95":[165],"floating":[166],"point":[167],"benchmark":[168,330],"suite.":[169],"experimental":[171],"demonstrate":[173],"proposed":[176],"method":[179],"significantly":[180],"reduces":[181,205],"spill":[185],"loads":[186,211],"stores":[188,213],"inserted":[189],"code,":[192],"by":[193,215,235],"more":[194],"than":[195],"50":[196],"percent":[197,217],"each":[199],"benchmarks.":[202],"approach":[204,224],"average":[207,234],"dynamic":[210],"executed":[214],"10.4":[216],"3.7":[219],"percent,":[220],"respectively.":[221],"Further,":[222],"improves":[225],"execution":[227],"time":[228],"benchmarks":[231],"3.2":[236],"percent.":[237],"order":[239],"evaluate":[241],"how":[242],"efficiently":[243],"find":[246],"near-optimal":[248],"problem,":[253],"elegant":[257],"integer":[258,269,288],"linear":[259,270,289],"programming":[260,271,290],"formulation":[261],"Using":[266],"commercial":[268],"solver,":[272],"obtain":[274],"Comparing":[282],"tool":[291],"reveals":[296],"that,":[297],"very":[300],"large":[301],"majority":[302],"(99.2":[303],"percent)":[304],"cases,":[307],"optimal.":[312],"For":[313],"experiment,":[315],"used":[317],"675":[321],"graphs":[323],"representing":[324],"basic":[325],"blocks":[326],"extracted":[327],"scientific":[329],"programs.":[331]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}