{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1705715823","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.1985.1676638","title":"A Digital Orrery","display_name":"A Digital Orrery","publication_year":1985,"publication_date":"1985-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1705715823","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.1985.1676638","mag":"1705715823"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tc.1985.1676638","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.1985.1676638","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157670870","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","issn_l":"0018-9340","issn":["0018-9340","1557-9956","2326-3814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031496697","display_name":"Applegate","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Applegate","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Astronomy, Columbia University","Department of Astronomy,Columbia University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Astronomy, Columbia University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Astronomy,Columbia University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109493730","display_name":"Douglas","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122411786","display_name":"California Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dxps055","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Douglas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA","California  Institute of Technology"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"California  Institute of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059807097","display_name":"Gursel","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gursel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","Massachusetts Institute of Technology"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111448056","display_name":"Hunter","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122411786","display_name":"California Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dxps055","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hunter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA","California  Institute of Technology"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"California  Institute of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041748540","display_name":"Seitz","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122411786","display_name":"California Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dxps055","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seitz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA","Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","California  Institute of Technology"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"California  Institute of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5105429938","display_name":"Sussman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122411786","display_name":"California Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dxps055","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sussman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA","Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","Massachusetts Institute of Technology"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5031496697"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.188,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":52,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96566967,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"C-34","issue":"9","first_page":"822","last_page":"831"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10039","display_name":"Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies","score":0.9882000088691711,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10039","display_name":"Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies","score":0.9882000088691711,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10325","display_name":"Astro and Planetary Science","score":0.9866999983787537,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9839000105857849,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flops","display_name":"FLOPS","score":0.7667631506919861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.751676082611084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.653032660484314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.6021637320518494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-science","display_name":"Computational science","score":0.5994011163711548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supercomputer","display_name":"Supercomputer","score":0.4937349259853363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.4642188549041748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orbital-mechanics","display_name":"Orbital mechanics","score":0.44799983501434326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/double-precision-floating-point-format","display_name":"Double-precision floating-point format","score":0.4208592176437378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","score":0.4127839505672455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.36667922139167786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.34729063510894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.2624838948249817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.1092769205570221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.09421685338020325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.08866316080093384}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3826847","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188768","display_name":"FLOPS","level":2,"score":0.7667631506919861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.751676082611084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.653032660484314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.6021637320518494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C459310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117801","display_name":"Computational science","level":1,"score":0.5994011163711548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83283714","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121117","display_name":"Supercomputer","level":2,"score":0.4937349259853363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.4642188549041748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6629501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q842433","display_name":"Orbital mechanics","level":3,"score":0.44799983501434326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35912277","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1243369","display_name":"Double-precision floating-point format","level":3,"score":0.4208592176437378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.4127839505672455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.36667922139167786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.34729063510894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2624838948249817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.1092769205570221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.09421685338020325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08866316080093384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tc.1985.1676638","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.1985.1676638","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157670870","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","issn_l":"0018-9340","issn":["0018-9340","1557-9956","2326-3814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W34573016","https://openalex.org/W1655509865","https://openalex.org/W1663270649","https://openalex.org/W1810665807","https://openalex.org/W1978330772","https://openalex.org/W1985795712","https://openalex.org/W1998144402","https://openalex.org/W2045172384","https://openalex.org/W2049273242","https://openalex.org/W2062578389","https://openalex.org/W2087826913","https://openalex.org/W2097561580","https://openalex.org/W2160163816","https://openalex.org/W2175070912","https://openalex.org/W2752853835","https://openalex.org/W2752908210","https://openalex.org/W2995963679","https://openalex.org/W2996339364","https://openalex.org/W3005694793","https://openalex.org/W3036935753","https://openalex.org/W3083349201","https://openalex.org/W3120834625","https://openalex.org/W4205549742","https://openalex.org/W4205965716","https://openalex.org/W4237299689","https://openalex.org/W6773446049"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W60786634","https://openalex.org/W1855765675","https://openalex.org/W3046859795","https://openalex.org/W1505902692","https://openalex.org/W2156524298","https://openalex.org/W3177218348","https://openalex.org/W2171105040","https://openalex.org/W3097256929","https://openalex.org/W2065321717","https://openalex.org/W17610788"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"have":[1],"designed":[2,22],"and":[3,73],"built":[4],"the":[5,17,19,47,58,70,76],"Orrery,":[6,48],"a":[7],"special":[8],"computer":[9],"for":[10],"high-speed":[11],"high-precision":[12],"orbital":[13,54],"mechanics":[14,55],"computations.":[15],"On":[16],"problems":[18],"Orrery":[20],"was":[21],"to":[23,53,60],"solve,":[24],"it":[25],"achieves":[26],"approximately":[27],"10":[28],"Mflops":[29],"in":[30],"about":[31],"1":[32],"ft3":[33],"of":[34,40,46,75],"space":[35],"while":[36],"consuming":[37],"150":[38],"W":[39],"power.":[41],"The":[42],"specialized":[43],"parallel":[44],"architecture":[45],"which":[49],"is":[50,57],"well":[51],"matched":[52],"problems,":[56],"key":[59],"obtaining":[61],"such":[62],"high":[63],"performance.":[64],"In":[65],"this":[66],"paper":[67],"we":[68],"discuss":[69],"design,":[71],"construction,":[72],"programming":[74],"Orrery.":[77]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}