{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1889225616","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.1976.1674703","title":"The Use of Higher Order Logic in Program Verification","display_name":"The Use of Higher Order Logic in Program Verification","publication_year":1976,"publication_date":"1976-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1889225616","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.1976.1674703","mag":"1889225616"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tc.1976.1674703","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.1976.1674703","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157670870","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","issn_l":"0018-9340","issn":["0018-9340","1557-9956","2326-3814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108933093","display_name":"Ernst","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I58956616","display_name":"Case Western Reserve University","ror":"https://ror.org/051fd9666","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I58956616"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ernst","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Case Western Reserve University","Department of Computer Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Case Western Reserve University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58956616"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58956616"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5098451802","display_name":"Hookway","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I58956616","display_name":"Case Western Reserve University","ror":"https://ror.org/051fd9666","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I58956616"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hookway","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58956616"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5108933093"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58956616"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.378,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84832601,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"C-25","issue":"8","first_page":"844","last_page":"851"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6569443941116333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automated-theorem-proving","display_name":"Automated theorem proving","score":0.653904914855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/order","display_name":"Order (exchange)","score":0.5832719802856445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.5049298405647278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logic-program","display_name":"Logic program","score":0.4827698767185211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/higher-order-logic","display_name":"Higher-order logic","score":0.47943490743637085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/second-order-logic","display_name":"Second-order logic","score":0.45084503293037415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.39198631048202515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calculus","display_name":"Calculus (dental)","score":0.38136446475982666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.36017316579818726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logic-programming","display_name":"Logic programming","score":0.35444530844688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/description-logic","display_name":"Description logic","score":0.12139615416526794}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6569443941116333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206880738","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q431667","display_name":"Automated theorem proving","level":2,"score":0.653904914855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182306322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779371","display_name":"Order (exchange)","level":2,"score":0.5832719802856445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.5049298405647278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987117450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q275603","display_name":"Logic program","level":3,"score":0.4827698767185211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169896238","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1644136","display_name":"Higher-order logic","level":3,"score":0.47943490743637085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144791301","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1548746","display_name":"Second-order logic","level":4,"score":0.45084503293037415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.39198631048202515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777686260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q144037","display_name":"Calculus (dental)","level":2,"score":0.38136446475982666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.36017316579818726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128838566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q275603","display_name":"Logic programming","level":2,"score":0.35444530844688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102993220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q387196","display_name":"Description logic","level":2,"score":0.12139615416526794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199343813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12128","display_name":"Dentistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tc.1976.1674703","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.1976.1674703","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157670870","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","issn_l":"0018-9340","issn":["0018-9340","1557-9956","2326-3814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W207442571","https://openalex.org/W1513495447","https://openalex.org/W1546616265","https://openalex.org/W1572470107","https://openalex.org/W1593280365","https://openalex.org/W1965662337","https://openalex.org/W1983861329","https://openalex.org/W1986658425","https://openalex.org/W1996404651","https://openalex.org/W2007934884","https://openalex.org/W2008485543","https://openalex.org/W2028519235","https://openalex.org/W2032889498","https://openalex.org/W2035519363","https://openalex.org/W2052377886","https://openalex.org/W2112161977","https://openalex.org/W2949436104","https://openalex.org/W4210493182","https://openalex.org/W4251912342","https://openalex.org/W6667847518"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1521860126","https://openalex.org/W2490199991","https://openalex.org/W2006286500","https://openalex.org/W1493824320","https://openalex.org/W1511336005","https://openalex.org/W2003151706","https://openalex.org/W50928870","https://openalex.org/W1538666241","https://openalex.org/W2885709725","https://openalex.org/W2569890278"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"focuses":[2],"on":[3],"the":[4],"interface":[5],"between":[6],"program":[7,22,77],"verification":[8],"and":[9,54],"mechanical":[10],"theorem":[11,37],"proving.":[12],"It":[13],"is":[14,39],"often":[15],"much":[16],"easier":[17],"to":[18,41],"express":[19],"what":[20],"a":[21,64],"does":[23],"in":[24,29,33,76],"higher":[25,35,51],"order":[26,36,52],"logic":[27],"than":[28],"first-order":[30],"logic.":[31],"However,":[32],"general,":[34],"proving":[38],"difficult":[40],"mechanize.":[42],"Hence":[43],"we":[44],"have":[45],"isolated":[46],"some":[47],"special":[48],"classes":[49],"of":[50],"formulas":[53,74],"will":[55],"show":[56],"how":[57,71],"they":[58],"can":[59],"be":[60],"processed":[61],"efficiently":[62],"by":[63],"computer.":[65],"Examples":[66],"are":[67],"given":[68],"that":[69],"illustrate":[70],"naturally":[72],"these":[73],"arise":[75],"verification.":[78]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}