{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1979388740","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.1976.1674604","title":"Privacy and Security Issues in Information Systems","display_name":"Privacy and Security Issues in Information Systems","publication_year":1976,"publication_date":"1976-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1979388740","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.1976.1674604","mag":"1979388740"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tc.1976.1674604","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.1976.1674604","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157670870","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","issn_l":"0018-9340","issn":["0018-9340","1557-9956","2326-3814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5096207757","display_name":"Turn","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1309849503","display_name":"RAND Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/00f2z7n96","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1309849503"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Turn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Sciences Department, The Rand Corporation","Information Sciences Department, Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Sciences Department, The Rand Corporation","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1309849503"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Sciences Department, Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1309849503"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064809973","display_name":"Ware","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1309849503","display_name":"RAND Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/00f2z7n96","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1309849503"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ware","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Sciences Department, Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Sciences Department, Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1309849503"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1309849503"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5664,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79490806,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"C-25","issue":"12","first_page":"1353","last_page":"1361"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12034","display_name":"Digital and Cyber Forensics","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.7413486242294312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6896616816520691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confidentiality","display_name":"Confidentiality","score":0.6130661964416504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personally-identifiable-information","display_name":"Personally identifiable information","score":0.5714957118034363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-privacy","display_name":"Information privacy","score":0.5362602472305298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legislation","display_name":"Legislation","score":0.530398964881897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-protection-act-1998","display_name":"Data Protection Act 1998","score":0.5202599763870239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-security","display_name":"Information security","score":0.4853614568710327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.4791630804538727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-protection-policy","display_name":"Information protection policy","score":0.4747467637062073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-breach","display_name":"Data breach","score":0.46466124057769775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relevance","display_name":"Relevance (law)","score":0.46360504627227783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/private-information-retrieval","display_name":"Private information retrieval","score":0.4286859929561615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/privacy-by-design","display_name":"Privacy by Design","score":0.4269405007362366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/government","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","score":0.4127890467643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.1926952302455902}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.7413486242294312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6896616816520691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71745522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2476929","display_name":"Confidentiality","level":2,"score":0.6130661964416504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169093310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3702971","display_name":"Personally identifiable information","level":2,"score":0.5714957118034363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.5362602472305298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777351106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49371","display_name":"Legislation","level":2,"score":0.530398964881897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69360830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172237","display_name":"Data Protection Act 1998","level":2,"score":0.5202599763870239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527648132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189900","display_name":"Information security","level":2,"score":0.4853614568710327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.4791630804538727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168297262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6031182","display_name":"Information protection policy","level":2,"score":0.4747467637062073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165609540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172486","display_name":"Data breach","level":2,"score":0.46466124057769775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158154518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310970","display_name":"Relevance (law)","level":2,"score":0.46360504627227783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99221444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1532069","display_name":"Private information retrieval","level":2,"score":0.4286859929561615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193934123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7246028","display_name":"Privacy by Design","level":3,"score":0.4269405007362366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4127890467643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.1926952302455902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tc.1976.1674604","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tc.1976.1674604","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157670870","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","issn_l":"0018-9340","issn":["0018-9340","1557-9956","2326-3814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computers","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.library.georgetown.edu:10822/774208","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://worldcatlibraries.org/registry/gateway?version=1.0&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&atitle=Privacy+and+Security+Issues+in+Information+Systems&title=Santa+Monica,+CA:+Rand+Corporation,+July+&volume=&issue=P-5684&spage=(P-5684)&date=1976-07&au=Turn,+Rein;+Ware,+Willis+H.","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402467","display_name":"DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210145449","host_organization_name":"Center for Security and Emerging Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"eweb:15775","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.800000011920929,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1498109646","https://openalex.org/W1536384183","https://openalex.org/W1598177129","https://openalex.org/W2038525726","https://openalex.org/W2065076704","https://openalex.org/W2086944813","https://openalex.org/W2095881341","https://openalex.org/W2106415423","https://openalex.org/W2111625011","https://openalex.org/W2117064901","https://openalex.org/W2121709560","https://openalex.org/W2123533505","https://openalex.org/W2152550254","https://openalex.org/W2159117854","https://openalex.org/W2165093129","https://openalex.org/W2798226147","https://openalex.org/W2999191059","https://openalex.org/W3184218770"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1265951235","https://openalex.org/W189247940","https://openalex.org/W3210671189","https://openalex.org/W3104404390","https://openalex.org/W3217417625","https://openalex.org/W2899491940","https://openalex.org/W2378266867","https://openalex.org/W3205105792","https://openalex.org/W4381799513","https://openalex.org/W4287071984"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"law":[1],"now":[2],"in":[3,5,14,28,51,132,203],"effect":[4],"the":[6,22,41,47,55,133,163,181,188,193,204],"United":[7],"States":[8],"requires":[9],"protection":[10,45,53],"of":[11,57,120,146,154,166,208],"individual":[12,59],"privacy":[13,44,52,197],"computerized":[15],"personal":[16],"information":[17,159],"record-keeping":[18],"systems":[19,93,137,174,210],"maintained":[20,65],"by":[21,177],"federal":[23],"government.":[24],"Similar":[25],"laws":[26],"apply":[27],"certain":[29],"state":[30],"and":[31,71,79,86,96,148,173,198,206,211],"local":[32],"governments.":[33],"Legislation":[34],"has":[35,127],"also":[36,139],"been":[37,130],"introduced":[38],"to":[39,46,60,103,110,187],"extend":[40],"requirements":[42],"for":[43,183,196],"private":[48],"sphere.":[49],"Central":[50],"are":[54,64,88],"rights":[56],"an":[58],"know":[61],"what":[62],"data":[63,122],"on":[66],"him,":[67],"challenge":[68],"their":[69,74,83,212],"veracity":[70],"relevance,":[72],"limit":[73],"nonroutine":[75],"use":[76],"or":[77,100,118,160,175],"dissemination,":[78],"be":[80,140],"assured":[81],"that":[82,94],"quality,":[84],"integrity,":[85],"confidentiality":[87],"maintained.":[89],"In":[90,192],"all":[91],"computer":[92,155,171,189,209],"maintain":[95],"process":[97],"valuable":[98,158],"information,":[99],"provide":[101,111],"services":[102],"multiple":[104],"users":[105],"concurrently,":[106],"it":[107],"is":[108],"necessary":[109],"security":[112,190,199],"safeguards":[113],"against":[114,142,170],"unauthorized":[115,143],"access,":[116],"use,":[117,144],"modifications":[119],"any":[121],"file.":[123],"This":[124],"difficult":[125],"problem":[126],"not":[128],"yet":[129],"solved":[131],"general":[134],"case.":[135],"Computer":[136],"must":[138,200],"protected":[141],"disruption":[145],"operations,":[147],"physical":[149],"damage.":[150],"The":[151],"growing":[152,164],"number":[153,165],"applications":[156,172],"involving":[157],"assets":[161],"plus":[162],"criminal":[167],"actions":[168],"directed":[169],"perpetrated":[176],"using":[178],"computers":[179],"underscore":[180],"need":[182],"finding":[184],"effective":[185],"solutions":[186],"problem.":[191],"future,":[194],"concerns":[195],"become":[201],"integral":[202],"planning":[205],"design":[207],"applications.":[213]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}