{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415481575","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2025.3624869","title":"Reinforcement Learning-Based Focality Optimization for Multi-Electrode Temporal Interference Stimulation","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning-Based Focality Optimization for Multi-Electrode Temporal Interference Stimulation","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415481575","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2025.3624869","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41129429"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbme.2025.3624869","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2025.3624869","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5240358","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","issn_l":"0018-9294","issn":["0018-9294","1558-2531"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083694318","display_name":"Xiayu Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2318-9921"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiayu Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medical Imaging Center, Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, China","Medical Imaging Center, Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5299-8288","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Imaging Center, Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Imaging Center, Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Wennan Chan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wennan Chan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medical Imaging Center, Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, China","Medical Imaging Center, Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Imaging Center, Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Imaging Center, Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102767162","display_name":"Sheng Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5565-7072"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sheng Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medical Imaging Center, Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, China","Medical Imaging Center, Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5565-7072","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Imaging Center, Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Imaging Center, Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yingqiang Meng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yingqiang Meng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medical Imaging Center, Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, China","Medical Imaging Center, Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Imaging Center, Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Imaging Center, Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075239885","display_name":"Runze Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Runze Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medical Imaging Center, Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, China","Medical Imaging Center, Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3531-9719","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Imaging Center, Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Imaging Center, Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072501833","display_name":"Muhammad Mohsin Pathan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Mohsin Pathan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medical Imaging Center, Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, China","Medical Imaging Center, Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Imaging Center, Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Imaging Center, Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011811557","display_name":"Yang Ji","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0111-4678"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Ji","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medical Imaging Center, Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, China","Medical Imaging Center, Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Imaging Center, Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Imaging Center, Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100355053","display_name":"Xiaoxiao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5173-6497"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoxiao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medical Imaging Center, Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, China","Medical Imaging Center, Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8498-7388","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Imaging Center, Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Imaging Center, Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110613507","display_name":"Bensheng Qiu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bensheng Qiu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medical Imaging Center, Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","Medical Imaging Center, Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2987-7378","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Imaging Center, Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Imaging Center, Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100388400","display_name":"Yanming Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2383-2470"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanming Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medical Imaging Center, Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","Medical Imaging Center, Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4615-493X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Imaging Center, Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Imaging Center, Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7131,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86246133,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"73","issue":"6","first_page":"2177","last_page":"2186"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10919","display_name":"Neurological disorders and treatments","score":0.6812000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10919","display_name":"Neurological disorders and treatments","score":0.6812000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11601","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neural Engineering","score":0.2689000070095062,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12580","display_name":"Vagus Nerve Stimulation Research","score":0.008899999782443047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interference","display_name":"Interference (communication)","score":0.534500002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.49900001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/translation","display_name":"Translation (biology)","score":0.4205999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.33970001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.28209999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement","display_name":"Reinforcement","score":0.2793999910354614}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6485000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.534500002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.49900001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149364088","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185917","display_name":"Translation (biology)","level":4,"score":0.4205999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.33970001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.2847000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.28209999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67203356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321905","display_name":"Reinforcement","level":2,"score":0.2793999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184892835","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1474513","display_name":"Electromagnetic interference","level":2,"score":0.2752000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186394612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7098942","display_name":"Optimal design","level":2,"score":0.2696000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13944312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512748","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","level":2,"score":0.2639000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55660270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164377","display_name":"Constrained optimization","level":2,"score":0.2632000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.2565000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986766224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156793","display_name":"System optimization","level":2,"score":0.2554999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2542000114917755}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004566","descriptor_name":"Electrodes","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004566","descriptor_name":"Electrodes","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012054","descriptor_name":"Reinforcement, Psychology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012054","descriptor_name":"Reinforcement, Psychology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D046690","descriptor_name":"Deep Brain Stimulation","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D046690","descriptor_name":"Deep Brain Stimulation","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D046690","descriptor_name":"Deep Brain Stimulation","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D046690","descriptor_name":"Deep Brain Stimulation","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbme.2025.3624869","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2025.3624869","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5240358","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","issn_l":"0018-9294","issn":["0018-9294","1558-2531"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41129429","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41129429","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G952804364","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"WK2100000048","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"Multi-electrode":[1],"Temporal":[2],"Interference":[3],"Stimulation":[4],"(TIS)":[5],"is":[6,19],"a":[7,42,52,62,163,176],"promising":[8],"noninvasive":[9,200],"technology":[10],"for":[11,169,179,194],"deep":[12],"brain":[13],"stimulation,":[14],"but":[15],"its":[16,26],"clinical":[17,204],"translation":[18,205],"hindered":[20],"by":[21,37],"the":[22,71,83,125,132,192,203],"challenge":[23],"of":[24,44,77,128,134,148,187,206],"optimizing":[25],"high-dimensional":[27],"and":[28,50,74,93,100,165,183,197],"hybrid":[29],"parameter":[30],"space.":[31],"Existing":[32],"algorithms":[33,98],"are":[34],"often":[35],"limited":[36],"high":[38],"computational":[39,167],"cost":[40],"or":[41],"lack":[43],"practical":[45],"flexibility.":[46],"This":[47,160,190],"paper":[48],"introduces":[49],"validates":[51],"novel":[53,63],"framework":[54,67,123,174],"to":[55,120,151],"overcome":[56],"these":[57],"barriers.":[58],"METHODS:":[59],"We":[60,80],"developed":[61],"reinforcement":[64],"learning":[65],"(RL)":[66],"that":[68,141],"simultaneously":[69],"optimizes":[70],"discrete":[72],"positions":[73],"continuous":[75],"intensities":[76],"stimulation":[78,111],"electrodes.":[79,136],"systematically":[81],"evaluated":[82],"framework's":[84],"performance":[85,118],"using":[86],"six":[87],"realistic":[88],"finite":[89],"element":[90],"head":[91],"models":[92],"benchmarked":[94],"it":[95],"against":[96],"genetic":[97],"(GA)":[99],"unsupervised":[101],"neural":[102],"networks":[103],"(USNN).":[104],"RESULTS:":[105],"Our":[106,173],"RL-based":[107],"approach":[108],"significantly":[109],"enhanced":[110],"focality,":[112],"outperforming":[113],"GA-based":[114],"optimization.":[115,171],"While":[116],"achieving":[117],"comparable":[119],"USNN,":[121],"our":[122,138],"offered":[124],"critical":[126],"advantage":[127],"explicit":[129],"control":[130],"over":[131],"number":[133,147],"active":[135],"Furthermore,":[137],"findings":[139],"reveal":[140],"focality":[142],"improves":[143],"with":[144,153],"an":[145],"increasing":[146],"electrodes":[149],"up":[150],"16,":[152],"diminishing":[154],"returns":[155],"beyond":[156],"this":[157],"point.":[158],"CONCLUSION:":[159],"work":[161],"establishes":[162],"powerful":[164],"flexible":[166],"paradigm":[168],"TIS":[170],"SIGNIFICANCE:":[172],"provides":[175],"crucial":[177],"guideline":[178],"optimal":[180],"system":[181],"design":[182],"overcomes":[184],"key":[185],"limitations":[186],"previous":[188],"methods.":[189],"paves":[191],"way":[193],"more":[195],"precise":[196],"clinically":[198],"robust":[199],"neuromodulation,":[201],"accelerating":[202],"TIS.":[207]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-22T06:13:13.366637","created_date":"2025-10-24T00:00:00"}