{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414692580","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2025.3616233","title":"Effect of Nearby Metals on Electro-Quasistatic Human Body Communication","display_name":"Effect of Nearby Metals on Electro-Quasistatic Human Body Communication","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414692580","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2025.3616233","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41032534"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbme.2025.3616233","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2025.3616233","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5240358","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","issn_l":"0018-9294","issn":["0018-9294","1558-2531"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066396664","display_name":"Samyadip Sarkar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samyadip Sarkar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6408-3069","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001567242","display_name":"Arunashish Datta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8959-7768"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arunashish Datta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, USA","Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8959-7768","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001967768","display_name":"David Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4058-5133"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, USA","Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4058-5133","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032076491","display_name":"Mayukh Nath","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0305-6048"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mayukh Nath","raw_affiliation_strings":["Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, USA","Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0305-6048","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066952721","display_name":"Shovan Maity","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4678-9898"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101190","display_name":"Cancer Research And Biostatistics","ror":"https://ror.org/01575p865","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210101190"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210157976","display_name":"Proteostasis Therapeutics (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05d0zs426","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210157976"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shovan Maity","raw_affiliation_strings":["Quasistatics Inc.,, USA","Quasistatics Inc, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Quasistatics Inc.,, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101190"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Quasistatics Inc, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210157976"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015830471","display_name":"Shreyas Sen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shreyas Sen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, USA","Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5566-8946","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.22258782,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"73","issue":"5","first_page":"1839","last_page":"1851"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13052","display_name":"Molecular Communication and Nanonetworks","score":0.9531999826431274,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13052","display_name":"Molecular Communication and Nanonetworks","score":0.9531999826431274,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11932","display_name":"Wireless Body Area Networks","score":0.9297000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.6355000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/capacitive-sensing","display_name":"Capacitive sensing","score":0.5807999968528748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.5248000025749207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.522599995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-computer","display_name":"Wearable computer","score":0.45010000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-transmission","display_name":"Data transmission","score":0.4487000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.4433000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grounded-theory","display_name":"Grounded theory","score":0.40849998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-conductor","display_name":"Electrical conductor","score":0.3977000117301941}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.6355000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206755178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1131271","display_name":"Capacitive sensing","level":2,"score":0.5807999968528748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.5248000025749207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.522599995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4887999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.46709999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150594956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334829","display_name":"Wearable computer","level":2,"score":0.45010000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557945733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q389772","display_name":"Data transmission","level":2,"score":0.4487000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.4433000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156325361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1152864","display_name":"Grounded theory","level":3,"score":0.40849998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202374169","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124291","display_name":"Electrical conductor","level":2,"score":0.3977000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147021018","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q252451","display_name":"Elevator","level":2,"score":0.382099986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3684000074863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135628077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220184","display_name":"Finite element method","level":2,"score":0.36730000376701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.3555999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140311924","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200928","display_name":"Electric power transmission","level":2,"score":0.3490000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.34279999136924744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88737568","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q890056","display_name":"Body area network","level":3,"score":0.3402000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95491727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q992968","display_name":"Mobile telephony","level":3,"score":0.3303000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3215999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202311505","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1474701","display_name":"Radio propagation","level":2,"score":0.3212999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3165999948978424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.2994000017642975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168993435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6501125","display_name":"Ground","level":2,"score":0.29280000925064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69567186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5358403","display_name":"Electronic packaging","level":2,"score":0.2800000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115051666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6522493","display_name":"Ranging","level":2,"score":0.2669000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.2639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.26030001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97812054","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2166055","display_name":"Intersymbol interference","level":3,"score":0.2547999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158156997","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1416645","display_name":"Models of communication","level":2,"score":0.2538999915122986}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000076251","descriptor_name":"Wearable Electronic Devices","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004867","descriptor_name":"Equipment Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008670","descriptor_name":"Metals","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D020342","descriptor_name":"Finite Element Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D059015","descriptor_name":"Wireless Technology","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbme.2025.3616233","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2025.3616233","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5240358","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","issn_l":"0018-9294","issn":["0018-9294","1558-2531"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41032534","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41032534","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2017306568","https://openalex.org/W2022981781","https://openalex.org/W2038418650","https://openalex.org/W2112759302","https://openalex.org/W2119762148","https://openalex.org/W2343535265","https://openalex.org/W2586757615","https://openalex.org/W2736072498","https://openalex.org/W2760959523","https://openalex.org/W2903628245","https://openalex.org/W2921978214","https://openalex.org/W2955042957","https://openalex.org/W2956018560","https://openalex.org/W2963950150","https://openalex.org/W2969906253","https://openalex.org/W2971865338","https://openalex.org/W2975668593","https://openalex.org/W2977846888","https://openalex.org/W2984932158","https://openalex.org/W3016856220","https://openalex.org/W3096662732","https://openalex.org/W3109943405","https://openalex.org/W3112882954","https://openalex.org/W3135694162","https://openalex.org/W3155402200","https://openalex.org/W3191263500","https://openalex.org/W4210525847","https://openalex.org/W4281262478","https://openalex.org/W4324026876","https://openalex.org/W4377047278","https://openalex.org/W4389538362","https://openalex.org/W4391611869","https://openalex.org/W4392739975","https://openalex.org/W4396648216","https://openalex.org/W4399518877","https://openalex.org/W4407696993","https://openalex.org/W4411311257","https://openalex.org/W4412351524"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"recent":[1],"decades,":[2],"Human":[3],"Body":[4],"Communication":[5],"(HBC)":[6],"has":[7,59],"emerged":[8],"as":[9,34,113],"a":[10,93,126,166,203],"promising":[11],"alternative":[12],"to":[13,108,165,197],"traditional":[14],"radio":[15],"wave":[16],"communication,":[17],"utilizing":[18],"the":[19,31,42,48,61,70,118,121,151,161,180,223],"body's":[20],"conductive":[21],"properties":[22],"for":[23,38,50,79,221],"low-power":[24],"connectivity":[25],"among":[26],"wearables.":[27],"This":[28,87],"method":[29],"harnesses":[30],"human":[32],"body":[33],"an":[35,210],"energy-efficient":[36],"channel":[37,170,193],"data":[39],"transmission":[40,155],"within":[41,147,202],"Electro-Quasistatic":[43],"(EQS)":[44],"frequency":[45],"range,":[46],"paving":[47],"way":[49],"advancements":[51],"in":[52,67,232],"Human-Machine":[53],"Interaction":[54],"(HMI).":[55],"While":[56],"previous":[57],"research":[58],"noted":[60],"role":[62],"of":[63,72,120,150,225],"parasitic":[64],"return":[65],"paths":[66],"capacitive":[68],"EQS-HBC,":[69],"influence":[71],"surrounding":[73],"metallic":[74,110,145,168,198],"objects":[75,146,199],"on":[76],"these":[77],"paths-critical":[78],"EQS":[80],"wireless":[81],"signaling-has":[82],"not":[83],"been":[84],"thoroughly":[85],"investigated.":[86],"paper":[88],"addresses":[89],"this":[90],"gap":[91],"through":[92],"structured":[94],"approach,":[95],"analyzing":[96],"how":[97],"various":[98],"conducting":[99],"objects,":[100],"ranging":[101],"from":[102],"non-grounded":[103],"(floating)":[104],"and":[105,115,136,237],"grounded":[106,167,187,207],"metals":[107,188,208],"enclosed":[109],"environments":[111],"such":[112],"elevators":[114],"cars,":[116],"affect":[117],"performance":[119],"body-communication":[122],"channel.":[123],"We":[124],"present":[125],"theoretical":[127],"framework":[128],"supported":[129],"by":[130,157,174],"Finite":[131],"Element":[132],"Method":[133],"(FEM)-based":[134],"simulations":[135],"experiments":[137],"with":[138,186,206],"wearable":[139],"devices.":[140],"Our":[141],"findings":[142],"reveal":[143],"that":[144],"$\\sim$20":[148],"cm":[149],"devices":[152],"can":[153,172],"reduce":[154],"loss":[156],"$\\sim$10":[158],"dB.":[159,178],"When":[160],"device's":[162],"ground":[163],"connects":[164],"object,":[169],"gain":[171],"increase":[173],"at":[175],"least":[176],"20":[177],"Additionally,":[179],"contact":[181,190],"area":[182],"during":[183],"touch-based":[184],"interactions":[185],"depicts":[189],"impedance-dependent":[191],"high-pass":[192],"characteristics.":[194],"The":[195],"proximity":[196],"enhances":[200],"variability":[201],"critical":[204],"distance,":[205],"having":[209],"overall":[211],"higher":[212],"impact":[213],"than":[214],"floating":[215],"ones.":[216],"These":[217],"insights":[218],"are":[219],"crucial":[220],"improving":[222],"reliability":[224],"body-centric":[226],"communication":[227],"links,":[228],"thereby":[229],"supporting":[230],"applications":[231],"healthcare,":[233],"consumer":[234],"electronics,":[235],"defense,":[236],"industrial":[238],"sectors.":[239]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}