{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414348559","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2025.3612332","title":"Freqformer: Frequency-Domain Transformer for 3-D Reconstruction and Quantification of Human Retinal Vasculature","display_name":"Freqformer: Frequency-Domain Transformer for 3-D Reconstruction and Quantification of Human Retinal Vasculature","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414348559","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2025.3612332","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40971276"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbme.2025.3612332","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2025.3612332","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5240358","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","issn_l":"0018-9294","issn":["0018-9294","1558-2531"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100608327","display_name":"Lingyun Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9380-6032"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lingyun Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, USA","Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9380-6032","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100643435","display_name":"Bingjie Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5056-7476"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bingjie Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5056-7476","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073369979","display_name":"Jay Chhablani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1772-3558"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jay Chhablani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, USA","Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063516832","display_name":"Jos\u00e9\u2010Alain Sahel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4831-1153"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jose Alain Sahel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, USA","Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4831-1153","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054743164","display_name":"Shaohua Pi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7549-8929"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaohua Pi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7549-8929","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4905,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.66580566,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"73","issue":"4","first_page":"1618","last_page":"1628"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11569","display_name":"Optical Coherence Tomography Applications","score":0.48570001125335693,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11569","display_name":"Optical Coherence Tomography Applications","score":0.48570001125335693,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.39739999175071716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10170","display_name":"Retinal Diseases and Treatments","score":0.045099999755620956,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retinal","display_name":"Retinal","score":0.6086000204086304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retina","display_name":"Retina","score":0.3977000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.3930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-imaging","display_name":"Medical imaging","score":0.2727999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-imaging","display_name":"Optical imaging","score":0.2660999894142151}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780827179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422001","display_name":"Retinal","level":2,"score":0.6086000204086304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136229726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327092","display_name":"Biomedical engineering","level":1,"score":0.5705000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777093970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169342","display_name":"Retina","level":2,"score":0.3977000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.3930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.3499999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3375999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.2987000048160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31601959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931309","display_name":"Medical imaging","level":2,"score":0.2727999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92630104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4115103","display_name":"Optical imaging","level":2,"score":0.2660999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175079658","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7312165","display_name":"Remote patient monitoring","level":2,"score":0.2556999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777663904","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q988343","display_name":"Blood vessel","level":2,"score":0.2540999948978424}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012171","descriptor_name":"Retinal Vessels","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012171","descriptor_name":"Retinal Vessels","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D021621","descriptor_name":"Imaging, Three-Dimensional","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D021621","descriptor_name":"Imaging, Three-Dimensional","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D041623","descriptor_name":"Tomography, Optical Coherence","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D041623","descriptor_name":"Tomography, Optical Coherence","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbme.2025.3612332","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2025.3612332","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5240358","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","issn_l":"0018-9294","issn":["0018-9294","1558-2531"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40971276","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40971276","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5626381280","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"OAC-2117681","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333934","display_name":"Center for Research Computing, University of Pittsburgh","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"To":[1],"achieve":[2],"accurate":[3],"3-D":[4,76,83,101,104,159,171,211,247],"reconstruction":[5],"and":[6,75,81,97,123,148,239],"quantitative":[7,105,156,248],"analysis":[8],"of":[9,201,241],"human":[10,112],"retinal":[11,113,212,242],"vasculature":[12],"from":[13,214],"a":[14,26,31,36,45],"single":[15,58],"optical":[16],"coherence":[17],"tomography":[18],"angiography":[19],"(OCTA)":[20],"scan.":[21],"METHODS:":[22],"We":[23],"introduce":[24],"Freqformer,":[25],"novel":[27],"Transformer-based":[28,124],"model":[29],"featuring":[30],"dual-branch":[32],"architecture":[33],"that":[34],"integrates":[35],"Transformer":[37],"layer":[38],"for":[39,50,155],"capturing":[40],"global":[41],"spatial":[42],"context":[43],"with":[44,138],"complex-valued":[46],"frequency-domain":[47],"module":[48],"designed":[49],"adaptive":[51],"frequency":[52],"enhancement.":[53],"Freqformer":[54,116,189,207,228],"was":[55,70],"trained":[56],"using":[57],"depth-plane":[59],"OCTA":[60,65,133],"images,":[61],"utilizing":[62],"volumetrically":[63],"merged":[64,140],"as":[66],"ground":[67],"truth.":[68],"Performance":[69],"evaluated":[71],"quantitatively":[72],"through":[73,245],"2-D":[74,79,184],"image":[77,128,167],"metrics.":[78,129],"networks":[80,122],"their":[82],"counterparts":[84,160],"were":[85,108],"compared":[86],"to":[87,110,222],"assess":[88],"the":[89,131,139,199],"differences":[90],"between":[91],"enhancing":[92,98],"volume":[93],"slice":[94,96],"by":[95,100],"it":[99],"patches.":[102],"Furthermore,":[103],"vascular":[106,143,157,172,219,243],"metrics":[107,168],"conducted":[109],"quantify":[111],"vasculature.":[114],"RESULTS:":[115],"substantially":[117],"outperformed":[118],"existing":[119],"convolutional":[120],"neural":[121],"methods,":[125],"achieving":[126],"superior":[127],"Importantly,":[130],"enhanced":[132],"volumes":[134,141],"show":[135],"strong":[136],"correlation":[137],"on":[142,194],"segment":[144],"count,":[145],"density,":[146],"length,":[147],"flow":[149],"index,":[150],"further":[151],"underscoring":[152],"its":[153],"reliability":[154],"analysis.":[158],"did":[161],"not":[162],"yield":[163],"additional":[164],"gains":[165],"in":[166,233],"or":[169],"downstream":[170],"quantification":[173,220],"but":[174],"incurred":[175],"nearly":[176],"an":[177],"order-of-magnitude":[178],"longer":[179],"inference":[180],"time,":[181],"supporting":[182],"our":[183],"slice-wise":[185],"enhancement":[186],"strategy.":[187],"Additionally,":[188],"showed":[190],"excellent":[191],"generalization":[192],"capability":[193],"larger":[195],"field-of-view":[196],"scans,":[197],"surpassing":[198],"quality":[200],"conventional":[202],"volumetric":[203,224],"merging":[204,225],"methods.":[205,226],"CONCLUSION:":[206],"reliably":[208],"generates":[209],"high-definition":[210],"microvasculature":[213,237],"single-scan":[215],"OCTA,":[216],"enabling":[217],"precise":[218],"comparable":[221],"standard":[223],"SIGNIFICANCE:":[227],"has":[229],"promising":[230],"clinical":[231],"applications":[232],"early":[234],"detection,":[235],"detailed":[236],"analysis,":[238],"monitoring":[240],"diseases":[244],"advanced":[246],"assessments.":[249]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}