{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414082805","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2025.3606955","title":"A Novel Entropy Metric for Unified Analysis of Temporal, Spatial, and Spectral EEG Properties","display_name":"A Novel Entropy Metric for Unified Analysis of Temporal, Spatial, and Spectral EEG Properties","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414082805","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2025.3606955","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40920514"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbme.2025.3606955","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2025.3606955","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5240358","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","issn_l":"0018-9294","issn":["0018-9294","1558-2531"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070660716","display_name":"Pasquale Arpa\u00efa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5192-5922"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210117450","display_name":"Federico II University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02jr6tp70","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117450","https://openalex.org/I71267560"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pasquale Arpaia","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Naples Federico II - Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5192-5922","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Naples Federico II - Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210117450"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115015761","display_name":"Maria Cacciapuoti","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210117450","display_name":"Federico II University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02jr6tp70","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117450","https://openalex.org/I71267560"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maria Cacciapuoti","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Naples Federico II - Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8825-3415","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Naples Federico II - Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210117450"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043509431","display_name":"Andrea Cataldo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9031-7690"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096856","display_name":"Innovation Engineering (Italy)","ror":"https://ror.org/00sxjp357","country_code":"IT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210096856"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Cataldo","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Salento - Department of Engineering for Innovation, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9031-7690","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Salento - Department of Engineering for Innovation, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096856"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063863101","display_name":"Sabatina Criscuolo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7189-1339"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210117450","display_name":"Federico II University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02jr6tp70","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117450","https://openalex.org/I71267560"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sabatina Criscuolo","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Naples Federico II - Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7189-1339","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Naples Federico II - Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210117450"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040768755","display_name":"Egidio De Benedetto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2792-2131"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71267560","display_name":"University of Naples Federico II","ror":"https://ror.org/05290cv24","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71267560"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Egidio De Benedetto","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Naples Federico II - Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, Naples, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2792-2131","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Naples Federico II - Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, Naples, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71267560"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057144568","display_name":"Antonio Masciullo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8715-2303"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096856","display_name":"Innovation Engineering (Italy)","ror":"https://ror.org/00sxjp357","country_code":"IT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210096856"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antonio Masciullo","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Salento - Department of Engineering for Innovation, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8715-2303","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Salento - Department of Engineering for Innovation, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096856"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024044019","display_name":"Marisa Pesola","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5671-6433"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210117450","display_name":"Federico II University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02jr6tp70","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117450","https://openalex.org/I71267560"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marisa Pesola","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Naples Federico II - Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5671-6433","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Naples Federico II - Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210117450"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087233850","display_name":"Raissa Schiavoni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8462-5563"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096856","display_name":"Innovation Engineering (Italy)","ror":"https://ror.org/00sxjp357","country_code":"IT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210096856"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raissa Schiavoni","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Salento - Department of Engineering for Innovation, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8462-5563","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Salento - Department of Engineering for Innovation, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096856"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038540836","display_name":"Annarita Tedesco","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7242-701X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210117450","display_name":"Federico II University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02jr6tp70","country_code":"IT","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117450","https://openalex.org/I71267560"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Annarita Tedesco","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Naples Federico II - Department of Public Health, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7242-701X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Naples Federico II - Department of Public Health, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210117450"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.396,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85826579,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"73","issue":"4","first_page":"1469","last_page":"1482"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.986299991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.986299991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11447","display_name":"Blind Source Separation Techniques","score":0.970300018787384,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.6219000220298767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6115000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.5587000250816345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","score":0.5404999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","score":0.49230000376701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/approximate-entropy","display_name":"Approximate entropy","score":0.47749999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-complexity-theory","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","score":0.4146000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-classification","display_name":"Binary classification","score":0.3921000063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stability","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","score":0.37459999322891235}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.6219000220298767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6115000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5953999757766724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5688999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.5587000250816345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.5404999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.49230000376701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86859247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4781760","display_name":"Approximate entropy","level":3,"score":0.47749999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.4146000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66905080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17005494","display_name":"Binary classification","level":3,"score":0.3921000063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.37459999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.3610999882221222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.3481000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983668108","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q280453","display_name":"Spectral analysis","level":3,"score":0.3402999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3314000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.32440000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.31949999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.30059999227523804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161584116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1952580","display_name":"Multivariate statistics","level":2,"score":0.299699991941452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.298799991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.2964000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.29269999265670776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.2831000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151406439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186588","display_name":"Time series","level":2,"score":0.2809999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152478114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660910","display_name":"Neurophysiology","level":2,"score":0.25769999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779190172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4913888","display_name":"Binary data","level":3,"score":0.2533999979496002}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000544","descriptor_name":"Alzheimer Disease","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000544","descriptor_name":"Alzheimer Disease","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000544","descriptor_name":"Alzheimer Disease","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000544","descriptor_name":"Alzheimer Disease","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019277","descriptor_name":"Entropy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019277","descriptor_name":"Entropy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbme.2025.3606955","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2025.3606955","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5240358","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","issn_l":"0018-9294","issn":["0018-9294","1558-2531"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40920514","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40920514","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321781","display_name":"Ministero della Salute","ror":"https://ror.org/00789fa95"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1971732569","https://openalex.org/W2010368710","https://openalex.org/W2056925087","https://openalex.org/W2078015570","https://openalex.org/W2093266575","https://openalex.org/W2100335062","https://openalex.org/W2110065044","https://openalex.org/W2345279893","https://openalex.org/W2490662969","https://openalex.org/W2566381922","https://openalex.org/W2610099500","https://openalex.org/W2773861965","https://openalex.org/W2781689248","https://openalex.org/W2964070924","https://openalex.org/W2980835121","https://openalex.org/W2983682068","https://openalex.org/W3034934354","https://openalex.org/W3157770314","https://openalex.org/W3181075877","https://openalex.org/W4211185921","https://openalex.org/W4285232441","https://openalex.org/W4294021982","https://openalex.org/W4296338950","https://openalex.org/W4297235912","https://openalex.org/W4321499675","https://openalex.org/W4361278149","https://openalex.org/W4386918719","https://openalex.org/W4387373610","https://openalex.org/W4389403336","https://openalex.org/W4389778287","https://openalex.org/W4390473182","https://openalex.org/W4391424299","https://openalex.org/W4392128231","https://openalex.org/W4393902187","https://openalex.org/W4396883705","https://openalex.org/W4398210730","https://openalex.org/W4401917912","https://openalex.org/W4405073116","https://openalex.org/W4405361360","https://openalex.org/W4409313457","https://openalex.org/W4411174487"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2922348724","https://openalex.org/W200322357","https://openalex.org/W2130428257","https://openalex.org/W4308951944","https://openalex.org/W2057366091","https://openalex.org/W4312960290","https://openalex.org/W2049513647","https://openalex.org/W2988848585","https://openalex.org/W4233722919","https://openalex.org/W4323929055"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Signal":[0],"complexity":[1,57,111,187],"analysis":[2,188],"plays":[3],"a":[4,55,70,182],"crucial":[5],"role":[6],"in":[7,11,195],"biomedical":[8],"research,":[9],"particularly":[10],"electroencephalography":[12],"(EEG),":[13],"for":[14,185,192],"early":[15],"disease":[16,198],"diagnosis":[17],"and":[18,34,66,81,89,113,119,137,144,155,173,189],"cognitive":[19],"monitoring.":[20],"However,":[21],"traditional":[22],"entropy-basedmethods":[23],"lack":[24],"robustness,":[25],"suffer":[26],"from":[27,85],"limitations":[28],"such":[29],"as":[30],"sensitivity":[31,172],"to":[32,36,97,123,148],"noise,":[33],"fail":[35],"capture":[37],"themulti-frequency":[38],"structure":[39,68],"of":[40],"brain":[41,142],"signals.":[42],"To":[43],"address":[44],"these":[45],"challenges,":[46],"this":[47],"study":[48],"introduces":[49],"Multivariate":[50],"Multiscale":[51],"Multi-Frequency":[52],"Entropy":[53],"(M3FrEn),":[54],"novel":[56],"metric":[58],"that":[59,104,179],"simultaneously":[60],"incorporates":[61],"multiscale":[62],"dynamics,":[63],"multichannel":[64],"dependencies,":[65],"multi-frequency":[67],"into":[69],"unified":[71],"entropy-based":[72,99],"framework.":[73],"M3FrEn":[74,105,127,151,165,180],"was":[75],"evaluated":[76],"using":[77],"both":[78],"simulated":[79,101],"signals":[80,108],"real":[82,124],"EEG":[83,125],"data":[84,120],"52":[86,90],"healthy":[87],"subjects":[88],"patients":[91],"with":[92,109,170],"Alzheimer's":[93],"Disease":[94],"(AD).":[95],"Compared":[96,147],"existing":[98],"metrics,":[100],"tests":[102],"demonstrated":[103],"reliably":[106],"discriminates":[107],"varying":[110],"levels":[112],"maintains":[114],"stability":[115],"across":[116,140],"embedding":[117],"dimensions":[118],"lengths.":[121],"Applied":[122],"data,":[126],"identified":[128],"statistically":[129],"significant":[130],"differences":[131],"($p_{value}":[132],"<":[133],"0.05$)":[134],"between":[135],"AD":[136],"control":[138],"groups":[139],"multiple":[141],"regions":[143],"frequency":[145],"bands.":[146],"benchmark":[149],"methods,":[150],"yielded":[152],"more":[153],"robust":[154],"consistent":[156],"group":[157],"separation.":[158],"In":[159],"addition,":[160],"binary":[161],"classification":[162],"based":[163],"on":[164],"features":[166],"achieved":[167],"$85\\%$":[168],"accuracy,":[169],"$100\\%$":[171],"$70\\%$":[174],"specificity.":[175],"These":[176],"results":[177],"demonstrate":[178],"offers":[181],"powerful":[183],"tool":[184],"EEG-based":[186],"holds":[190],"promise":[191],"clinical":[193],"applications":[194],"early-stage":[196],"neurological":[197],"detection.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
