{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409796480","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2025.3562067","title":"Deep Learning-Augmented Sleep Spindle Detection for Acute Disorders of Consciousness: Integrating CNN and Decision Tree Validation","display_name":"Deep Learning-Augmented Sleep Spindle Detection for Acute Disorders of Consciousness: Integrating CNN and Decision Tree Validation","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-04-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409796480","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2025.3562067","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40279237"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbme.2025.3562067","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2025.3562067","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5240358","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","issn_l":"0018-9294","issn":["0018-9294","1558-2531"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023225646","display_name":"Jiahui Pan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7576-6743"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I187400657","display_name":"South China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kq0pv72","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I187400657"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jiahui Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence, South China Normal University, Foshan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7576-6743","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, South China Normal University, Foshan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187400657"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104230941","display_name":"Zhenglang Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5504-429X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I187400657","display_name":"South China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kq0pv72","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I187400657"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenglang Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence, South China Normal University, China","School of Artificial Intelligence, South China Normal University, Foshan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, South China Normal University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187400657"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, South China Normal University, Foshan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187400657"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102737682","display_name":"Qingyu Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2927-6836"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210097354","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/01px77p81","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097354"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qingyu Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departmnet of Neurology, Sun Yar-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yar-Sen University, China","Departmnet of Neurology, Sun Yar-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yar-Sen University, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departmnet of Neurology, Sun Yar-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yar-Sen University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210097354","https://openalex.org/I157773358"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departmnet of Neurology, Sun Yar-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yar-Sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210097354","https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100404484","display_name":"Man Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3653-3891"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Man Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, China","School of Automation Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3653-3891","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057421048","display_name":"Chunhong Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5522-2389"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I187400657","display_name":"South China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kq0pv72","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I187400657"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunhong Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence, South China Normal University, China","School of Artificial Intelligence, South China Normal University, Foshan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, South China Normal University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187400657"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, South China Normal University, Foshan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187400657"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yi Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4965-297X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210097354","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/01px77p81","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097354"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departmnet of Neurology, Sun Yar-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yar-Sen University, Guangzhou, China","School of Automation Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4965-297X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departmnet of Neurology, Sun Yar-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yar-Sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210097354","https://openalex.org/I157773358"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100672536","display_name":"Yuanqing Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4288-5591"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210097354","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/01px77p81","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097354"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuanqing Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departmnet of Neurology, Sun Yar-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yar-Sen University, Guangzhou, China","School of Automation Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, China","School of Automation Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4288-5591","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departmnet of Neurology, Sun Yar-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yar-Sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210097354","https://openalex.org/I157773358"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5023225646"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187400657"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.5363,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88026844,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"72","issue":"10","first_page":"3120","last_page":"3132"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10985","display_name":"Sleep and Wakefulness Research","score":0.941100001335144,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10985","display_name":"Sleep and Wakefulness Research","score":0.941100001335144,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9136999845504761,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-tree","display_name":"Decision tree","score":0.6988920569419861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5814694762229919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/persistent-vegetative-state","display_name":"Persistent vegetative state","score":0.5713901519775391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5480818152427673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sleep","display_name":"Sleep (system call)","score":0.5263184905052185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5243216753005981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/minimally-conscious-state","display_name":"Minimally conscious state","score":0.4651782214641571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consciousness","display_name":"Consciousness","score":0.42974019050598145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.39216041564941406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.29175788164138794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.2647092342376709}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831366","display_name":"Decision tree","level":2,"score":0.6988920569419861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5814694762229919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777938509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q139720","display_name":"Persistent vegetative state","level":4,"score":0.5713901519775391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5480818152427673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775841894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4683692","display_name":"Sleep (system call)","level":2,"score":0.5263184905052185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5243216753005981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778170955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1093388","display_name":"Minimally conscious state","level":3,"score":0.4651782214641571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186720457","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7087","display_name":"Consciousness","level":2,"score":0.42974019050598145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.39216041564941406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.29175788164138794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.2647092342376709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003244","descriptor_name":"Consciousness Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003244","descriptor_name":"Consciousness Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003244","descriptor_name":"Consciousness Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003244","descriptor_name":"Consciousness Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003244","descriptor_name":"Consciousness Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003244","descriptor_name":"Consciousness Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003244","descriptor_name":"Consciousness Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003244","descriptor_name":"Consciousness Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003663","descriptor_name":"Decision Trees","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003663","descriptor_name":"Decision Trees","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003663","descriptor_name":"Decision Trees","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003663","descriptor_name":"Decision Trees","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012894","descriptor_name":"Sleep Stages","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012894","descriptor_name":"Sleep Stages","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012894","descriptor_name":"Sleep Stages","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012894","descriptor_name":"Sleep Stages","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbme.2025.3562067","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2025.3562067","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5240358","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","issn_l":"0018-9294","issn":["0018-9294","1558-2531"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40279237","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40279237","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2159491230","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62076103","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5642336077","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"81974154","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6812169155","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023A1515140100","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337111","funder_display_name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337111","display_name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W828992678","https://openalex.org/W1979864566","https://openalex.org/W1983256092","https://openalex.org/W1985858442","https://openalex.org/W2018032201","https://openalex.org/W2040756743","https://openalex.org/W2144506857","https://openalex.org/W2148263544","https://openalex.org/W2162933594","https://openalex.org/W2193145675","https://openalex.org/W2278254262","https://openalex.org/W2472628610","https://openalex.org/W2592165703","https://openalex.org/W2766483858","https://openalex.org/W2777749024","https://openalex.org/W2886606283","https://openalex.org/W2888256665","https://openalex.org/W2903696695","https://openalex.org/W2917266614","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2999997089","https://openalex.org/W3004832590","https://openalex.org/W3107499124","https://openalex.org/W3196018520","https://openalex.org/W3196110284","https://openalex.org/W3211600436","https://openalex.org/W3214518342","https://openalex.org/W4308298462","https://openalex.org/W4318065393","https://openalex.org/W4318667340","https://openalex.org/W4361009944","https://openalex.org/W4379014916","https://openalex.org/W4389339793","https://openalex.org/W4392363845","https://openalex.org/W4392869254","https://openalex.org/W4402302135"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2293150817","https://openalex.org/W3004867024","https://openalex.org/W4308727537","https://openalex.org/W2128985328","https://openalex.org/W2802060972","https://openalex.org/W4391131109","https://openalex.org/W4294204138","https://openalex.org/W2028211548","https://openalex.org/W1606687954","https://openalex.org/W2590591208"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Sleep":[0,160],"spindles,":[1],"which":[2],"are":[3],"key":[4],"biomarkers":[5],"of":[6,25,40,60,159,174,199],"non-rapid":[7],"eye":[8],"movement":[9],"stage":[10],"2":[11,164],"sleep,":[12],"play":[13],"a":[14,80,185,214,239],"crucial":[15],"role":[16],"in":[17,33,44,49,53,90,120,228],"predicting":[18,243],"outcomes":[19,245],"for":[20,63,85,114,242],"patients":[21,190],"with":[22,99],"acute":[23],"disorders":[24],"consciousness":[26],"(ADOC).":[27],"However,":[28],"several":[29],"critical":[30],"challenges":[31],"remain":[32],"spindle":[34,42,69,88,220,234],"detection:":[35],"1)":[36],"the":[37,47,58,66,115,135,156,209],"limited":[38],"use":[39],"automated":[41,86],"detection":[43,89,109],"ADOC;":[45],"2)":[46],"difficulty":[48],"identifying":[50],"low-frequency":[51],"spindles":[52,117],"patient":[54,72,249],"populations;":[55],"and":[56,71,111,130,142,176,222,246],"3)":[57],"lack":[59],"effective":[61],"tools":[62],"quantitatively":[64],"analyzing":[65],"relationship":[67],"between":[68,218],"density":[70,221,235],"outcomes.":[73],"To":[74],"address":[75],"these":[76],"challenges,":[77],"we":[78],"propose":[79],"novel":[81],"Deep":[82],"Learning-Augmented":[83],"algorithm":[84,152],"sleep":[87,219],"ADOC":[91,121,189,229],"patients.":[92,122,230],"This":[93,231],"method":[94],"combines":[95],"Convolutional":[96],"Neural":[97],"Networks":[98],"decision":[100],"tree-assisted":[101],"validation,":[102],"using":[103,208],"wavelet":[104],"transform":[105],"principles":[106],"to":[107,137,179,202],"enhance":[108],"accuracy":[110],"sensitivity,":[112],"especially":[113],"slow":[116],"commonly":[118],"found":[119],"Our":[123,151],"approach":[124],"not":[125],"only":[126],"demonstrates":[127],"superior":[128],"performance":[129],"reliability":[131],"but":[132],"also":[133],"has":[134],"potential":[136],"significantly":[138],"improve":[139],"diagnostic":[140],"precision":[141],"guide":[143],"treatment":[144],"strategies":[145],"when":[146],"integrated":[147],"into":[148],"clinical":[149,244],"practice.":[150],"was":[153],"evaluated":[154],"on":[155],"Montreal":[157],"Archive":[158],"Studies":[161],"-":[162],"Session":[163],"(MASS":[165],"SS2,":[166],"n":[167],"=":[168,192],"19),":[169],"achieving":[170],"average":[171],"F1":[172,197],"scores":[173,227],"0.798":[175],"0.841":[177],"compared":[178,201],"annotations":[180],"from":[181,188],"two":[182],"experts.":[183],"On":[184],"self-recorded":[186],"dataset":[187],"(n":[191],"24),":[193],"it":[194],"achieved":[195],"an":[196],"score":[198],"0.745":[200],"expert":[203],"annotations.":[204],"Additionally,":[205],"our":[206],"analysis":[207],"Spearman":[210],"correlation":[211,217],"coefficient":[212],"revealed":[213],"moderate":[215],"positive":[216],"28-day":[223],"Glasgow":[224],"Outcome":[225],"Scale":[226],"suggests":[232],"that":[233],"could":[236],"serve":[237],"as":[238],"prognostic":[240],"marker":[241],"guiding":[247],"personalized":[248],"care.":[250]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
