{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4396568626","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2024.3395587","title":"Characterization of Human Shoulder Joint Stiffness Across 3D Arm Postures and Its Sex Differences","display_name":"Characterization of Human Shoulder Joint Stiffness Across 3D Arm Postures and Its Sex Differences","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4396568626","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2024.3395587","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38691430"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbme.2024.3395587","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2024.3395587","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5240358","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","issn_l":"0018-9294","issn":["0018-9294","1558-2531"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020479276","display_name":"Seunghoon Hwang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9191-2416"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Seunghoon Hwang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9191-2416","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050606936","display_name":"Dongjune Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2577-0015"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dongjune Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2577-0015","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114348120","display_name":"Aditya Saxena","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9535-708X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aditya Saxena","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9535-708X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093344909","display_name":"Ellory Oleen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0611-0790"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ellory Oleen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0611-0790","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079063906","display_name":"Soe Lin Paing","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7613-5898"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Soe Lin Paing","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7613-5898","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051900970","display_name":"John Atkins","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8571-1933"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Atkins","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8571-1933","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049280323","display_name":"Hyunglae Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3853-510X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyunglae Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3853-510X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5020479276"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.7143,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89573847,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"71","issue":"10","first_page":"2833","last_page":"2841"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10280","display_name":"Shoulder Injury and Treatment","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10280","display_name":"Shoulder Injury and Treatment","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10784","display_name":"Muscle activation and electromyography studies","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10084","display_name":"Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation","score":0.9936000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2736","display_name":"Pharmacology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-medicine-and-rehabilitation","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","score":0.7094016671180725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shoulder-joint","display_name":"Shoulder joint","score":0.6787872314453125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stiffness","display_name":"Stiffness","score":0.6785653829574585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range-of-motion","display_name":"Range of motion","score":0.6374271512031555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biomechanics","display_name":"Biomechanics","score":0.5818554162979126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/joint-stiffness","display_name":"Joint stiffness","score":0.5562900900840759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.4885772168636322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-therapy","display_name":"Physical therapy","score":0.4470658600330353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.4307772219181061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/joint","display_name":"Joint (building)","score":0.41082555055618286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anatomy","display_name":"Anatomy","score":0.23048192262649536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.20117780566215515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-engineering","display_name":"Structural engineering","score":0.1689467430114746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.06977993249893188}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.7094016671180725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780457017","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1758798","display_name":"Shoulder joint","level":2,"score":0.6787872314453125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779372316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q569057","display_name":"Stiffness","level":2,"score":0.6785653829574585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60465272","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q494478","display_name":"Range of motion","level":2,"score":0.6374271512031555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170700871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193378","display_name":"Biomechanics","level":2,"score":0.5818554162979126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781415944","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q559210","display_name":"Joint stiffness","level":3,"score":0.5562900900840759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.4885772168636322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1862650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005","display_name":"Physical therapy","level":1,"score":0.4470658600330353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.4307772219181061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18555067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8375051","display_name":"Joint (building)","level":2,"score":0.41082555055618286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105702510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514","display_name":"Anatomy","level":1,"score":0.23048192262649536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.20117780566215515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.1689467430114746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.06977993249893188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000067190","descriptor_name":"Exoskeleton Device","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000067190","descriptor_name":"Exoskeleton Device","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000067190","descriptor_name":"Exoskeleton Device","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000067190","descriptor_name":"Exoskeleton Device","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000067190","descriptor_name":"Exoskeleton Device","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001132","descriptor_name":"Arm","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001132","descriptor_name":"Arm","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001132","descriptor_name":"Arm","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001132","descriptor_name":"Arm","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001132","descriptor_name":"Arm","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001696","descriptor_name":"Biomechanical Phenomena","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001696","descriptor_name":"Biomechanical Phenomena","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001696","descriptor_name":"Biomechanical Phenomena","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001696","descriptor_name":"Biomechanical Phenomena","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001696","descriptor_name":"Biomechanical Phenomena","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011187","descriptor_name":"Posture","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011187","descriptor_name":"Posture","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011187","descriptor_name":"Posture","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011187","descriptor_name":"Posture","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011187","descriptor_name":"Posture","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012785","descriptor_name":"Shoulder Joint","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012785","descriptor_name":"Shoulder Joint","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012785","descriptor_name":"Shoulder Joint","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012785","descriptor_name":"Shoulder Joint","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012785","descriptor_name":"Shoulder Joint","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016059","descriptor_name":"Range of Motion, Articular","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016059","descriptor_name":"Range of Motion, Articular","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016059","descriptor_name":"Range of Motion, Articular","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016059","descriptor_name":"Range of Motion, Articular","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016059","descriptor_name":"Range of Motion, Articular","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019415","descriptor_name":"Torque","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019415","descriptor_name":"Torque","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019415","descriptor_name":"Torque","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019415","descriptor_name":"Torque","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019415","descriptor_name":"Torque","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbme.2024.3395587","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2024.3395587","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5240358","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","issn_l":"0018-9294","issn":["0018-9294","1558-2531"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38691430","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38691430","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Gender equality","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","score":0.5699999928474426}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1225109304","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1846885","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G400635716","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1925110","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1520487639","https://openalex.org/W1625214970","https://openalex.org/W1958581261","https://openalex.org/W1969174184","https://openalex.org/W1971991520","https://openalex.org/W1974203100","https://openalex.org/W1974429115","https://openalex.org/W1976192205","https://openalex.org/W1987890863","https://openalex.org/W2007100062","https://openalex.org/W2009943907","https://openalex.org/W2024793907","https://openalex.org/W2024961334","https://openalex.org/W2029556596","https://openalex.org/W2034703168","https://openalex.org/W2036622163","https://openalex.org/W2039703906","https://openalex.org/W2040177561","https://openalex.org/W2041544644","https://openalex.org/W2053133492","https://openalex.org/W2066134961","https://openalex.org/W2074937893","https://openalex.org/W2076976302","https://openalex.org/W2083435745","https://openalex.org/W2108341823","https://openalex.org/W2112707027","https://openalex.org/W2115643758","https://openalex.org/W2123116662","https://openalex.org/W2149570703","https://openalex.org/W2166386387","https://openalex.org/W2168796638","https://openalex.org/W2170306644","https://openalex.org/W2235129418","https://openalex.org/W2283975627","https://openalex.org/W2735315053","https://openalex.org/W2786005216","https://openalex.org/W2811376816","https://openalex.org/W2834825111","https://openalex.org/W2910683189","https://openalex.org/W2967153221","https://openalex.org/W3016992591","https://openalex.org/W3067520346","https://openalex.org/W3091968930","https://openalex.org/W3112979040","https://openalex.org/W3167662550","https://openalex.org/W3206038732","https://openalex.org/W3216121817","https://openalex.org/W4200238624","https://openalex.org/W4248019298"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2083759350","https://openalex.org/W3133687580","https://openalex.org/W2021098562","https://openalex.org/W1566538768","https://openalex.org/W2379283689","https://openalex.org/W2491699377","https://openalex.org/W2396438987","https://openalex.org/W1897710365","https://openalex.org/W2317038355","https://openalex.org/W2942851934"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Understanding":[0],"the":[1,12,56,62,107,113,118,157,163,171,178,213],"characteristics":[2],"of":[3,76,120,123,177,215],"shoulder":[4,13,33,49,58,70,91,97,108,114,135,193,210,225,239],"joint":[5,14,59],"stiffness":[6,34,103,136,169,194,211,226],"can":[7],"offer":[8],"insights":[9],"into":[10],"how":[11],"contributes":[15],"to":[16,30,54],"arm":[17,23,87,148,180,187],"stability":[18],"and":[19,25,40,60,82,99,112,131,189,218,230],"assists":[20],"in":[21,35,94,137,143,151,174,212,224],"various":[22],"postures":[24,88,95,149,188],"movements.":[26],"This":[27,199],"study":[28,200],"aims":[29],"characterize":[31],"posture-dependent":[32],"a":[36],"three-dimensional":[37],"(3D)":[38],"space":[39],"investigate":[41],"its":[42,121],"potential":[43],"sex":[44,190],"differences.":[45],"A":[46],"multi-degree-of-freedom,":[47],"parallel-actuated":[48],"exoskeleton":[50],"robot":[51],"was":[52,139],"used'":[53],"perturb":[55],"participant's":[57],"measure":[61],"resulting":[63],"torque":[64],"responses":[65],"while":[66],"participants":[67],"relaxed":[68,197],"their":[69],"muscles.":[71,198],"The":[72,125,182],"group":[73,127,165,173],"average":[74],"results":[75,128,183],"40":[77],"healthy":[78],"individuals":[79,236],"(20":[80],"males":[81,130,138],"20":[83],"females)":[84],"revealed":[85],"that":[86,134,142,185],"significantly":[89,167,191],"affect":[90,192],"stiffness,":[92],"particularly":[93],"involving":[96],"flexion/extension":[98,116],"horizontal":[100,115],"flexion/extension.":[101],"Shoulder":[102],"consistently":[104],"increased":[105],"as":[106],"flexion":[109],"angle":[110],"decreased":[111],"approached":[117],"limit":[119],"range":[122],"motion.":[124],"comparative":[126],"between":[129],"females":[132,144],"indicated":[133],"greater":[140],"than":[141,170],"across":[145],"all":[146],"15":[147,179],"measured":[150],"this":[152],"study.":[153],"Even":[154],"after":[155],"normalizing":[156],"data":[158],"by":[159],"subject":[160],"body":[161],"mass,":[162],"female":[164],"showed":[166],"lower":[168],"male":[172],"12":[175],"out":[176],"postures.":[181],"highlight":[184],"3D":[186],"even":[195],"under":[196],"provides":[201],"valuable":[202],"foundations":[203],"for":[204,235],"future":[205],"studies":[206],"aimed":[207],"at":[208],"characterizing":[209],"context":[214],"active":[216],"muscles":[217],"dynamic":[219],"movement":[220],"tasks,":[221],"evaluating":[222],"changes":[223],"following":[227],"neuromuscular":[228],"injuries,":[229],"formulating":[231],"rehabilitative":[232],"training":[233],"protocols":[234],"suffering":[237],"from":[238],"problems.":[240]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}