{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386536475","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2023.3313126","title":"Auto-CA: Automated Cobb Angle Measurement Based on Vertebrae Detection for Assessment of Spinal Curvature Deformity","display_name":"Auto-CA: Automated Cobb Angle Measurement Based on Vertebrae Detection for Assessment of Spinal Curvature Deformity","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-09-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386536475","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2023.3313126","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37682652"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbme.2023.3313126","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2023.3313126","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5240358","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","issn_l":"0018-9294","issn":["0018-9294","1558-2531"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071494724","display_name":"Wahyu Rahmaniar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6902-5455"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114531698","display_name":"Tokyo Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0112mx960","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114531698"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wahyu Rahmaniar","raw_affiliation_strings":["BioMedical Artificial Intelligence Research Unit, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Kanagawa, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6902-5455","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"BioMedical Artificial Intelligence Research Unit, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Kanagawa, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114531698"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050949810","display_name":"Kenji Suzuki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3993-8309"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114531698","display_name":"Tokyo Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0112mx960","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114531698"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112104","display_name":"Innovative Research (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01zxe4w25","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210112104"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155601","display_name":"Innovative Research (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04dec0k98","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155601"]}],"countries":["JP","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kenji Suzuki","raw_affiliation_strings":["BioMedical Artificial Intelligence Research Unit, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan","BioMedical Artificial Intelligence Research Unit, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Kanagawa, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3993-8309","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"BioMedical Artificial Intelligence Research Unit, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112104","https://openalex.org/I4210155601"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"BioMedical Artificial Intelligence Research Unit, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Kanagawa, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114531698"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101719340","display_name":"Ting-Lan Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6901-6065"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118292597","display_name":"National Taipei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00cn92c09","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118292597"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ting-Lan Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taiwan","Department of Electronic Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6901-6065","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118292597"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118292597"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5071494724"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114531698"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9315,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85383512,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"71","issue":"2","first_page":"640","last_page":"649"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14510","display_name":"Medical Imaging and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14510","display_name":"Medical Imaging and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11030","display_name":"Scoliosis diagnosis and treatment","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10776","display_name":"Spinal Fractures and Fixation Techniques","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scoliosis","display_name":"Scoliosis","score":0.7504425644874573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cobb-angle","display_name":"Cobb angle","score":0.7258651852607727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6184816360473633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spinal-curvatures","display_name":"Spinal Curvatures","score":0.5526295304298401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lumbar-vertebrae","display_name":"Lumbar vertebrae","score":0.5147464275360107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5018725395202637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.48578551411628723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cobb","display_name":"CobB","score":0.4840814173221588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/curvature","display_name":"Curvature","score":0.474290668964386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spinal-deformity","display_name":"Spinal deformity","score":0.4699896574020386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-truth","display_name":"Ground truth","score":0.469016969203949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4457095265388489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4294174611568451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lumbar","display_name":"Lumbar","score":0.4281565845012665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vertebra","display_name":"Vertebra","score":0.41750872135162354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orthodontics","display_name":"Orthodontics","score":0.38683223724365234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.3594234585762024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2569044232368469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiology","display_name":"Radiology","score":0.2507789134979248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surgery","display_name":"Surgery","score":0.18854579329490662}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780955175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174857","display_name":"Scoliosis","level":2,"score":0.7504425644874573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778871979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1104591","display_name":"Cobb angle","level":3,"score":0.7258651852607727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6184816360473633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2911152345","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q482853","display_name":"Spinal Curvatures","level":3,"score":0.5526295304298401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779835254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q405478","display_name":"Lumbar vertebrae","level":3,"score":0.5147464275360107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5018725395202637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.48578551411628723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775946787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5138676","display_name":"CobB","level":2,"score":0.4840814173221588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195065555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214881","display_name":"Curvature","level":2,"score":0.474290668964386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992931878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7577457","display_name":"Spinal deformity","level":3,"score":0.4699896574020386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146849305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370766","display_name":"Ground truth","level":2,"score":0.469016969203949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4457095265388489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4294174611568451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44575665","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1293405","display_name":"Lumbar","level":2,"score":0.4281565845012665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776412215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180323","display_name":"Vertebra","level":2,"score":0.41750872135162354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29694066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118301","display_name":"Orthodontics","level":1,"score":0.38683223724365234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3594234585762024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2569044232368469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.2507789134979248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.18854579329490662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008159","descriptor_name":"Lumbar Vertebrae","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008159","descriptor_name":"Lumbar Vertebrae","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008159","descriptor_name":"Lumbar Vertebrae","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008159","descriptor_name":"Lumbar Vertebrae","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008159","descriptor_name":"Lumbar Vertebrae","qualifier_ui":"Q000601","qualifier_name":"surgery","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008159","descriptor_name":"Lumbar Vertebrae","qualifier_ui":"Q000601","qualifier_name":"surgery","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008159","descriptor_name":"Lumbar Vertebrae","qualifier_ui":"Q000601","qualifier_name":"surgery","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008159","descriptor_name":"Lumbar Vertebrae","qualifier_ui":"Q000601","qualifier_name":"surgery","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012600","descriptor_name":"Scoliosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012600","descriptor_name":"Scoliosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012600","descriptor_name":"Scoliosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012600","descriptor_name":"Scoliosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012600","descriptor_name":"Scoliosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000601","qualifier_name":"surgery","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012600","descriptor_name":"Scoliosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000601","qualifier_name":"surgery","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012600","descriptor_name":"Scoliosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000601","qualifier_name":"surgery","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012600","descriptor_name":"Scoliosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000601","qualifier_name":"surgery","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013131","descriptor_name":"Spine","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013131","descriptor_name":"Spine","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013131","descriptor_name":"Spine","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013131","descriptor_name":"Spine","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013904","descriptor_name":"Thoracic Vertebrae","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013904","descriptor_name":"Thoracic Vertebrae","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013904","descriptor_name":"Thoracic Vertebrae","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013904","descriptor_name":"Thoracic Vertebrae","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013904","descriptor_name":"Thoracic Vertebrae","qualifier_ui":"Q000601","qualifier_name":"surgery","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013904","descriptor_name":"Thoracic Vertebrae","qualifier_ui":"Q000601","qualifier_name":"surgery","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013904","descriptor_name":"Thoracic Vertebrae","qualifier_ui":"Q000601","qualifier_name":"surgery","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013904","descriptor_name":"Thoracic Vertebrae","qualifier_ui":"Q000601","qualifier_name":"surgery","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbme.2023.3313126","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2023.3313126","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5240358","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","issn_l":"0018-9294","issn":["0018-9294","1558-2531"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37682652","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37682652","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:t2r2.star.titech.ac.jp:50674702","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://t2r2.star.titech.ac.jp/cgi-bin/publicationinfo.cgi?q_publication_content_number=CTT100903080","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196385","display_name":"Tokyo Tech Research Repository (Tokyo Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I114531698","host_organization_name":"Tokyo Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114531698"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7200000286102295,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1716091338","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JPMJMI20B8","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338243","funder_display_name":"JST-Mirai Program"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338243","display_name":"JST-Mirai Program","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1523319618","https://openalex.org/W1891840219","https://openalex.org/W1969973213","https://openalex.org/W2095233123","https://openalex.org/W2161180993","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2307770531","https://openalex.org/W2328221614","https://openalex.org/W2596649969","https://openalex.org/W2616429486","https://openalex.org/W2618019088","https://openalex.org/W2886335102","https://openalex.org/W2889043858","https://openalex.org/W2890856308","https://openalex.org/W2891120039","https://openalex.org/W2901559346","https://openalex.org/W2916452242","https://openalex.org/W2968439290","https://openalex.org/W2969254359","https://openalex.org/W3004791372","https://openalex.org/W3010971576","https://openalex.org/W3027484126","https://openalex.org/W3081958385","https://openalex.org/W3096282846","https://openalex.org/W3102883434","https://openalex.org/W3133402851","https://openalex.org/W3156826125","https://openalex.org/W3163838262","https://openalex.org/W4200599327","https://openalex.org/W4206335624","https://openalex.org/W4210484029","https://openalex.org/W4224143355","https://openalex.org/W4285226397","https://openalex.org/W4312824963","https://openalex.org/W4327662641","https://openalex.org/W4366166186","https://openalex.org/W6794553482"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4387950740","https://openalex.org/W3023795846","https://openalex.org/W2085955646","https://openalex.org/W2465193852","https://openalex.org/W2556052801","https://openalex.org/W4372185448","https://openalex.org/W2529604570","https://openalex.org/W2063364354","https://openalex.org/W2367093112","https://openalex.org/W4237090725"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"An":[0],"accurate":[1],"identification":[2],"and":[3,36,97,103,109,124,135,139,148,170,192],"localization":[4],"of":[5,83,113,122,141,159,168,176,199],"vertebrae":[6,47,78,96],"in":[7,13,207],"X-ray":[8,212],"images":[9,213],"can":[10,73,87,202],"assist":[11],"doctors":[12],"measuring":[14],"Cobb":[15,107,142,152],"angles":[16],"for":[17,27,32,126],"treating":[18],"patients":[19],"with":[20,166],"adolescent":[21],"idiopathic":[22],"scoliosis.":[23],"It":[24],"is":[25,182],"useful":[26],"clinical":[28,208],"decision":[29],"support":[30],"systems":[31],"diagnosis,":[33],"surgery":[34],"planning,":[35],"spinal":[37,46,114,128,186],"health":[38],"analysis.":[39],"Currently,":[40],"publicly":[41],"available":[42],"annotated":[43],"datasets":[44],"on":[45,68,91,100,173],"are":[48,55],"small,":[49],"making":[50],"deep-learning-based":[51],"detection":[52,175],"methods":[53],"that":[54,72],"highly":[56],"data-dependent":[57],"less":[58,160],"accurate.":[59],"In":[60,178],"this":[61],"article,":[62],"we":[63],"propose":[64],"an":[65,119,171,196],"algorithm":[66],"based":[67],"convolutional":[69],"neural":[70],"networks":[71],"be":[74],"trained":[75],"to":[76,184],"detect":[77],"from":[79,163],"a":[80,92,156],"small":[81],"set":[82],"images.":[84],"This":[85],"method":[86],"display":[88,95],"critical":[89],"information":[90],"patient's":[93],"spine,":[94],"their":[98],"labels":[99],"the":[101,106,111,164,204,215],"thoracic":[102],"lumbar,":[104],"calculate":[105],"angle,":[108],"evaluate":[110],"severity":[112,140],"deformities.":[115],"The":[116,151],"proposed":[117,205],"achieved":[118],"average":[120,197],"accuracy":[121,198],"0.958":[123],"0.962":[125],"classifying":[127],"deformities":[129,187],"(i.e.,":[130,144],"C-shaped,":[131],"S-shaped":[132,136],"type":[133,137],"1,":[134],"2)":[138],"angle":[143,153],"normal,":[145],"mild,":[146],"moderate,":[147],"severe),":[149],"respectively.":[150],"measurement":[154],"had":[155],"median":[157],"difference":[158],"than":[161],"5\u00b0":[162],"ground-truth":[165],"SMAPE":[167],"5.27%":[169],"error":[172],"landmark":[174],"19.73.":[177],"addition,":[179],"Lenke":[180],"classification":[181],"used":[183],"analyze":[185],"as":[188],"types":[189],"A,":[190],"B,":[191],"C,":[193],"which":[194],"have":[195],"0.924.":[200],"Physicians":[201],"use":[203],"system":[206],"practice":[209],"by":[210],"providing":[211],"via":[214],"user":[216],"interface.":[217]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
