{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4379033742","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2023.3282155","title":"PATHFINDER: Designing Stimulus for Neuromodulation Through Data-Driven Inverse Estimation of Non-Linear Functions","display_name":"PATHFINDER: Designing Stimulus for Neuromodulation Through Data-Driven Inverse Estimation of Non-Linear Functions","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4379033742","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2023.3282155","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37262113"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbme.2023.3282155","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2023.3282155","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5240358","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","issn_l":"0018-9294","issn":["0018-9294","1558-2531"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078477604","display_name":"Chaitanya Goswami","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9483-8821"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chaitanya Goswami","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9483-8821","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054746425","display_name":"Pulkit Grover","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7651-7776"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pulkit Grover","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7651-7776","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4123,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.56606784,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"70","issue":"12","first_page":"3300","last_page":"3311"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11601","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neural Engineering","score":0.8601999878883362,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11601","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neural Engineering","score":0.8601999878883362,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.04670000076293945,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10919","display_name":"Neurological disorders and treatments","score":0.016699999570846558,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathfinder","display_name":"Pathfinder","score":0.9030537009239197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.695338249206543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neural-engineering","display_name":"Neural engineering","score":0.4793458878993988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.47256842255592346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4627658426761627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-data","display_name":"Synthetic data","score":0.45593708753585815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.44693857431411743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inverse-problem","display_name":"Inverse problem","score":0.4337650239467621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.14782902598381042}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778940482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7144753","display_name":"Pathfinder","level":2,"score":0.9030537009239197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.695338249206543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168451700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1306528","display_name":"Neural engineering","level":2,"score":0.4793458878993988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.47256842255592346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4627658426761627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160920958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7662746","display_name":"Synthetic data","level":2,"score":0.45593708753585815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.44693857431411743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135252773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1567213","display_name":"Inverse problem","level":2,"score":0.4337650239467621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.14782902598381042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161191863","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199655","display_name":"Library science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000200","descriptor_name":"Action Potentials","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000200","descriptor_name":"Action Potentials","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000200","descriptor_name":"Action Potentials","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000200","descriptor_name":"Action Potentials","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008564","descriptor_name":"Membrane Potentials","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008564","descriptor_name":"Membrane Potentials","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008564","descriptor_name":"Membrane Potentials","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008564","descriptor_name":"Membrane Potentials","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009474","descriptor_name":"Neurons","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009474","descriptor_name":"Neurons","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009474","descriptor_name":"Neurons","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009474","descriptor_name":"Neurons","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbme.2023.3282155","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2023.3282155","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5240358","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","issn_l":"0018-9294","issn":["0018-9294","1558-2531"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37262113","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37262113","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1499943705","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N65236-19-C-8017","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","funder_display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1225986909","https://openalex.org/W1517289518","https://openalex.org/W1576838367","https://openalex.org/W1579853615","https://openalex.org/W1990505856","https://openalex.org/W2072531628","https://openalex.org/W2103081445","https://openalex.org/W2110830020","https://openalex.org/W2131391582","https://openalex.org/W2163726533","https://openalex.org/W2242464395","https://openalex.org/W2332801595","https://openalex.org/W2339679489","https://openalex.org/W2898929289","https://openalex.org/W2943083682","https://openalex.org/W2945938601","https://openalex.org/W2954966372","https://openalex.org/W2963641970","https://openalex.org/W2971324370","https://openalex.org/W2988313851","https://openalex.org/W2994737554","https://openalex.org/W2997591727","https://openalex.org/W3003257820","https://openalex.org/W3011408924","https://openalex.org/W3037484309","https://openalex.org/W3083947857","https://openalex.org/W3087344693","https://openalex.org/W3104722139","https://openalex.org/W3148499377","https://openalex.org/W3150807214","https://openalex.org/W3204113955","https://openalex.org/W4211049957","https://openalex.org/W4212863985","https://openalex.org/W4214775604","https://openalex.org/W6630714204","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6634817459","https://openalex.org/W6637779528","https://openalex.org/W6638523607","https://openalex.org/W6639317949","https://openalex.org/W6674385629","https://openalex.org/W6674887261","https://openalex.org/W6685562342","https://openalex.org/W6692550842","https://openalex.org/W6738536549","https://openalex.org/W6751496971","https://openalex.org/W6755056417","https://openalex.org/W6770847983","https://openalex.org/W6780234213"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2465291283","https://openalex.org/W3187329742","https://openalex.org/W179718899","https://openalex.org/W1955019684","https://openalex.org/W2315997511","https://openalex.org/W3101579177","https://openalex.org/W2620557661","https://openalex.org/W1991178880","https://openalex.org/W2950755297","https://openalex.org/W117659776"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"Using":[1,113],"data-driven":[2,80,185],"methods":[3,86,133],"to":[4,69,164,211],"design":[5,29,148],"stimuli":[6,151],"(e.g.,":[7],"electrical":[8],"currents)":[9],"which":[10,42],"evoke":[11],"desired":[12],"neural":[13,22,54,171,182,208],"responses":[14],"in":[15,20,67,101,105,168,203],"different":[16,98],"neuron-types":[17],"for":[18,199],"applications":[19],"treating":[21],"disorders.":[23],"METHODS:":[24],"The":[25],"problem":[26],"of":[27,36,48,90,109,123,137,149,178,207,216],"stimulus":[28],"is":[30,65,95,139],"formulated":[31],"as":[32,44,118,120,173,175],"estimating":[33],"the":[34,46,52,58,71,135,147,165,176],"inverse":[35,74],"a":[37,142],"many-to-one":[38],"non-linear":[39],"\"forward\"":[40],"mapping,":[41],"takes":[43],"input":[45],"parameters":[47,202],"waveform":[49],"and":[50,87,104,205],"outputs":[51],"corresponding":[53],"response,":[55],"directly":[56],"from":[57,115],"data.":[59],"A":[60,76],"novel":[61],"optimization":[62],"framework":[63],"\"PATHFINDER\"":[64],"proposed":[66],"order":[68],"estimate":[70],"previously":[72],"mentioned":[73],"mapping.":[75],"comparison":[77],"with":[78,97],"existing":[79,132],"methods,":[81],"namely":[82],"conditional":[83],"density":[84],"estimation":[85],"numerical":[88],"inversion":[89],"an":[91,188],"estimated":[92],"forward":[93],"mapping":[94],"performed":[96],"dataset":[99],"sizes":[100],"toy":[102,116],"examples":[103],"detailed":[106],"computational":[107,121],"models":[108,122],"biological":[110,124],"neurons.":[111],"RESULTS:":[112],"data":[114,217],"examples,":[117],"well":[119,174],"neurons,":[125],"we":[126],"show":[127],"that":[128,194],"PATHFINDER":[129,195],"can":[130,196],"outperform":[131],"when":[134],"number":[136,215],"samples":[138],"low":[140,214],"(i.e.,":[141],"few":[143],"hundred).":[144],"SIGNIFICANCE:":[145],"Traditionally,":[146],"such":[150],"has":[152],"been":[153],"model-driven":[154],"and/or":[155],"uses":[156],"simplistic":[157],"intuition,":[158],"often":[159],"aided":[160],"by":[161],"trial-and-error.":[162],"Due":[163],"inherent":[166],"challenges":[167],"accurately":[169],"modeling":[170],"responses,":[172],"sophistication":[177],"stimuli's":[179],"effect":[180],"on":[181],"membrane":[183],"potentials,":[184],"approaches":[186],"offer":[187],"attractive":[189],"alternative.":[190],"Our":[191],"results":[192],"suggest":[193],"be":[197],"applied":[198],"optimizing":[200],"stimulation":[201],"experiments":[204],"treatments":[206],"disorders":[209],"due":[210],"it":[212],"requiring":[213],"points.":[218]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
