{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4319837669","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2023.3239594","title":"Dynamic Control of Contractile Force in Engineered Heart Tissue","display_name":"Dynamic Control of Contractile Force in Engineered Heart Tissue","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4319837669","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2023.3239594","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37021994"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbme.2023.3239594","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2023.3239594","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5240358","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","issn_l":"0018-9294","issn":["0018-9294","1558-2531"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2023.3239594","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011294706","display_name":"Huate Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111088046","display_name":"Boston University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qwgg493","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Huate Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mechanical Engineering Department, Boston University, USA","Mechanical Engineering Dept., Boston University, Boston, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mechanical Engineering Department, Boston University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mechanical Engineering Dept., Boston University, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005386457","display_name":"Subramanian Sundaram","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8456-916X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111088046","display_name":"Boston University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qwgg493","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Subramanian Sundaram","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biomedical Engineering Department, Boston University, USA","Biomedical Engineering Dept., Boston University, Boston, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8456-916X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomedical Engineering Department, Boston University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomedical Engineering Dept., Boston University, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108023039","display_name":"Ruifeng Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2505-5433"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111088046","display_name":"Boston University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qwgg493","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruifeng Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mechanical Engineering Department, Boston University, USA","Mechanical Engineering Dept., Boston University, Boston, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mechanical Engineering Department, Boston University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mechanical Engineering Dept., Boston University, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068436287","display_name":"Lihua Lou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5283-6211"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19700959","display_name":"Florida International University","ror":"https://ror.org/02gz6gg07","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lihua Lou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Florida International University, USA","Dept. of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5283-6211","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Florida International University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113658987","display_name":"Francisco S\u00e1nchez","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111088046","display_name":"Boston University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qwgg493","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francisco Sanchez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mechanical Engineering Department, Boston University, USA","Mechanical Engineering Dept., Boston University, Boston, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mechanical Engineering Department, Boston University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mechanical Engineering Dept., Boston University, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108924785","display_name":"William McDonald","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801103871","display_name":"Boston Latin Academy","ror":"https://ror.org/01khmmn16","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801103871"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William McDonald","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cambridge Rindge and Latin School, USA","Cambridge Rindge and Latin School, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cambridge Rindge and Latin School, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801103871"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cambridge Rindge and Latin School, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801103871"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023738988","display_name":"Arvind Agarwal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7052-653X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19700959","display_name":"Florida International University","ror":"https://ror.org/02gz6gg07","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arvind Agarwal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Florida International University, USA","Dept. of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Florida International University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100609547","display_name":"Christopher S. Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2445-8449"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111088046","display_name":"Boston University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qwgg493","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher S. Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biomedical Engineering Department, Boston University, USA","Biomedical Engineering Dept., Boston University, Boston, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2445-8449","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomedical Engineering Department, Boston University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomedical Engineering Dept., Boston University, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041631720","display_name":"Thomas G. Bifano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4952-2515"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111088046","display_name":"Boston University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qwgg493","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas G. Bifano","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mechanical Engineering Department, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4952-2515","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mechanical Engineering Department, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5011294706"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3898,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78698875,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"70","issue":"7","first_page":"2237","last_page":"2245"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11190","display_name":"3D Printing in Biomedical Research","score":0.43700000643730164,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11190","display_name":"3D Printing in Biomedical Research","score":0.43700000643730164,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11737","display_name":"Advanced Materials and Mechanics","score":0.08299999684095383,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10379","display_name":"Cellular Mechanics and Interactions","score":0.05869999900460243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1307","display_name":"Cell Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/afterload","display_name":"Afterload","score":0.8097496628761292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preload","display_name":"Preload","score":0.7180685997009277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contractility","display_name":"Contractility","score":0.6611039638519287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/isometric-exercise","display_name":"Isometric exercise","score":0.6162120699882507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biomedical-engineering","display_name":"Biomedical engineering","score":0.5950011014938354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.5377902984619141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stiffness","display_name":"Stiffness","score":0.4882838726043701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cardiology","display_name":"Cardiology","score":0.21543166041374207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1765459179878235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.17420822381973267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine","display_name":"Internal medicine","score":0.15424570441246033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ventricle","display_name":"Ventricle","score":0.12903350591659546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hemodynamics","display_name":"Hemodynamics","score":0.12347066402435303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/composite-material","display_name":"Composite material","score":0.09703317284584045}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123576724","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1299082","display_name":"Afterload","level":3,"score":0.8097496628761292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48277249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1406926","display_name":"Preload","level":3,"score":0.7180685997009277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39133596","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165683","display_name":"Contractility","level":2,"score":0.6611039638519287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103486182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1216236","display_name":"Isometric exercise","level":2,"score":0.6162120699882507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136229726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327092","display_name":"Biomedical engineering","level":1,"score":0.5950011014938354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.5377902984619141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779372316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q569057","display_name":"Stiffness","level":2,"score":0.4882838726043701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164705383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10379","display_name":"Cardiology","level":1,"score":0.21543166041374207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1765459179878235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.17420822381973267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.15424570441246033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778921608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2002035","display_name":"Ventricle","level":2,"score":0.12903350591659546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178853913","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1642137","display_name":"Hemodynamics","level":2,"score":0.12347066402435303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.09703317284584045}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009200","descriptor_name":"Myocardial Contraction","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009200","descriptor_name":"Myocardial Contraction","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009200","descriptor_name":"Myocardial Contraction","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009206","descriptor_name":"Myocardium","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009206","descriptor_name":"Myocardium","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009206","descriptor_name":"Myocardium","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D023822","descriptor_name":"Tissue Engineering","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D023822","descriptor_name":"Tissue Engineering","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D023822","descriptor_name":"Tissue Engineering","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D032383","descriptor_name":"Myocytes, Cardiac","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D032383","descriptor_name":"Myocytes, Cardiac","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D032383","descriptor_name":"Myocytes, Cardiac","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057026","descriptor_name":"Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057026","descriptor_name":"Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057026","descriptor_name":"Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbme.2023.3239594","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2023.3239594","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5240358","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","issn_l":"0018-9294","issn":["0018-9294","1558-2531"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37021994","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37021994","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbme.2023.3239594","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2023.3239594","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5240358","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","issn_l":"0018-9294","issn":["0018-9294","1558-2531"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8341210041","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20POST35210045","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306230","funder_display_name":"American Heart Association"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306230","display_name":"American Heart Association","ror":"https://ror.org/013kjyp64"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335353","display_name":"National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka","ror":"https://ror.org/010xaa060"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1522672235","https://openalex.org/W1565881737","https://openalex.org/W1936727810","https://openalex.org/W2010020475","https://openalex.org/W2033765226","https://openalex.org/W2035312069","https://openalex.org/W2048015545","https://openalex.org/W2061491578","https://openalex.org/W2064873970","https://openalex.org/W2083599207","https://openalex.org/W2085320707","https://openalex.org/W2120473106","https://openalex.org/W2137802443","https://openalex.org/W2155377019","https://openalex.org/W2415627492","https://openalex.org/W2531760931","https://openalex.org/W2547258766","https://openalex.org/W2547404051","https://openalex.org/W2794556464","https://openalex.org/W2897622735","https://openalex.org/W2944700506","https://openalex.org/W3129331589","https://openalex.org/W3137738173"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W148300690","https://openalex.org/W1946513951","https://openalex.org/W2013556385","https://openalex.org/W2067890185","https://openalex.org/W2069907911","https://openalex.org/W2078520321","https://openalex.org/W3005312026","https://openalex.org/W2566751840","https://openalex.org/W2071098679","https://openalex.org/W191471520"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Three-dimensional":[0],"engineered":[1,200],"heart":[2,26],"tissues":[3],"(EHTs)":[4],"derived":[5],"from":[6,142],"human":[7],"induced":[8],"pluripotent":[9],"stem":[10],"cells":[11],"(iPSCs)":[12],"have":[13],"become":[14],"an":[15,88,199],"important":[16],"resource":[17],"for":[18,229],"both":[19],"drug":[20],"toxicity":[21],"screening":[22],"and":[23,65,115,123,167],"research":[24],"on":[25,61],"disease.":[27],"A":[28],"key":[29],"metric":[30],"of":[31,104,107,131,161,185,198],"EHT":[32,93,121,133,148,155,176,230],"phenotype":[33],"is":[34,46,102],"the":[35,41,113,194],"contractile":[36,80],"(twitch)":[37],"force":[38,81,122,150,157,171],"with":[39],"which":[40],"tissue":[42,62,201,209],"spontaneously":[43],"beats.":[44],"It":[45],"well-known":[47],"that":[48,90,110,118,219],"cardiac":[49],"muscle":[50],"contractility":[51,177],"-":[52,59],"its":[53],"ability":[54],"to":[55,75,139,144,169,192,207,215,225],"do":[56],"mechanical":[57,195,227],"work":[58],"depends":[60],"prestrain":[63],"(preload)":[64],"external":[66],"resistance":[67],"(afterload).":[68],"OBJECTIVES:":[69],"Here,":[70],"we":[71],"demonstrate":[72],"a":[73,105,116,159,204],"technique":[74],"control":[76,127,184],"afterload":[77,217],"while":[78],"monitoring":[79],"exerted":[82],"by":[83],"EHTs.":[84],"METHODS:":[85],"We":[86],"developed":[87],"apparatus":[89],"can":[91,111,119,178],"regulate":[92],"boundary":[94,134,146,163,187,196],"conditions":[95,197],"using":[96],"real-time":[97],"feedback":[98,183],"control.":[99],"The":[100,190],"system":[101],"comprised":[103],"pair":[106],"piezoelectric":[108],"actuators":[109],"strain":[112],"scaffold":[114],"microscope":[117],"measure":[120],"length.":[124],"Closed":[125],"loop":[126],"allows":[128],"dynamic":[129],"regulation":[130],"effective":[132,162,186],"stiffness.":[135,188],"RESULTS:":[136],"When":[137],"controlled":[138],"switch":[140],"instantaneously":[141],"auxotonic":[143,173],"isometric":[145],"conditions,":[147],"twitch":[149,156,170],"immediately":[151],"doubled.":[152],"Changes":[153],"in":[154,172,222],"as":[158],"function":[160],"stiffness":[164],"were":[165],"characterized":[166],"compared":[168],"conditions.":[174],"CONCLUSION:":[175],"be":[179,213],"regulated":[180],"dynamically":[181,202],"through":[182],"SIGNIFICANCE:":[189],"capacity":[191],"alter":[193],"offers":[203],"new":[205],"way":[206],"probe":[208],"mechanics.":[210],"This":[211],"could":[212],"used":[214],"mimic":[216],"changes":[218],"occur":[220],"naturally":[221],"disease,":[223],"or":[224],"improve":[226],"techniques":[228],"maturation.":[231]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-29T09:16:38.111599","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
