{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3193136504","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2021.3103127","title":"A Data-Driven Approach to Classifying Daily Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) Time Series","display_name":"A Data-Driven Approach to Classifying Daily Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) Time Series","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-08-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3193136504","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2021.3103127","mag":"3193136504","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34375274"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbme.2021.3103127","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2021.3103127","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5240358","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","issn_l":"0018-9294","issn":["0018-9294","1558-2531"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007011264","display_name":"Benjamin Lobo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5550-8181"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Benjamin Lobo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Data Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5550-8181","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Data Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082255477","display_name":"Leon S. Farhy","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leon Farhy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Diabetes Technology and Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, USA","[Center for Diabetes Technology, University of Virginia, 2358 Charlottesville, Virginia, United States, (e-mail: lsf8n@virginia.edu)]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Diabetes Technology and Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Center for Diabetes Technology, University of Virginia, 2358 Charlottesville, Virginia, United States, (e-mail: lsf8n@virginia.edu)]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025106427","display_name":"Mahdi Shafiei","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mahdi Shafiei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Diabetes Technology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, USA","[Center for Diabetes Technology, University of Virginia, 2358 Charlottesville, Virginia, United States, (e-mail: ms3by@virginia.edu)]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Diabetes Technology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Center for Diabetes Technology, University of Virginia, 2358 Charlottesville, Virginia, United States, (e-mail: ms3by@virginia.edu)]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075609104","display_name":"Boris Kovatchev","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0495-3901"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Boris Kovatchev","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Diabetes Technology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, USA","[Center for Diabetes Technology, University of Virginia, 2358 Charlottesville, Virginia, United States, (e-mail: bpk2u@virginia.edu)]"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0495-3901","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Diabetes Technology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Center for Diabetes Technology, University of Virginia, 2358 Charlottesville, Virginia, United States, (e-mail: bpk2u@virginia.edu)]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5007011264"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.4257,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":34,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93752804,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"69","issue":"2","first_page":"654","last_page":"665"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10560","display_name":"Diabetes Management and Research","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10560","display_name":"Diabetes Management and Research","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10027","display_name":"Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins","score":0.9298999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12205","display_name":"Time Series Analysis and Forecasting","score":0.9210000038146973,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-pancreas","display_name":"Artificial pancreas","score":0.6512552499771118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/continuous-glucose-monitoring","display_name":"Continuous glucose monitoring","score":0.591232419013977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-set","display_name":"Data set","score":0.5292741060256958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/type-1-diabetes","display_name":"Type 1 diabetes","score":0.5101962089538574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4745282232761383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.4717225432395935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.45685556530952454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4354909658432007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.42775243520736694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.37439078092575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3528953194618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetes-mellitus","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","score":0.30210408568382263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/endocrinology","display_name":"Endocrinology","score":0.0691710114479065}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780353609","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1569064","display_name":"Artificial pancreas","level":4,"score":0.6512552499771118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986379492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1638492","display_name":"Continuous glucose monitoring","level":4,"score":0.591232419013977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58489278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172284","display_name":"Data set","level":2,"score":0.5292741060256958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781232474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124407","display_name":"Type 1 diabetes","level":3,"score":0.5101962089538574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4745282232761383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.4717225432395935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.45685556530952454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4354909658432007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.42775243520736694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.37439078092575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3528953194618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555293320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","level":2,"score":0.30210408568382263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.0691710114479065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001786","descriptor_name":"Blood Glucose","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001786","descriptor_name":"Blood Glucose","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001786","descriptor_name":"Blood Glucose","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003924","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003924","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003924","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003924","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2","qualifier_ui":"Q000188","qualifier_name":"drug therapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003924","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2","qualifier_ui":"Q000188","qualifier_name":"drug therapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003924","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2","qualifier_ui":"Q000188","qualifier_name":"drug therapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007004","descriptor_name":"Hypoglycemic Agents","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007004","descriptor_name":"Hypoglycemic Agents","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007004","descriptor_name":"Hypoglycemic Agents","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013997","descriptor_name":"Time Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013997","descriptor_name":"Time Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013997","descriptor_name":"Time Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015190","descriptor_name":"Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015190","descriptor_name":"Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015190","descriptor_name":"Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbme.2021.3103127","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2021.3103127","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5240358","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","issn_l":"0018-9294","issn":["0018-9294","1558-2531"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34375274","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34375274","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6000000238418579,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310536","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320317122","display_name":"Jaeb Center for Health Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04ezjnq35"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1894414046","https://openalex.org/W2060300932","https://openalex.org/W2076483288","https://openalex.org/W2087220735","https://openalex.org/W2097747115","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2140190241","https://openalex.org/W2342249984","https://openalex.org/W2582943213","https://openalex.org/W2584499795","https://openalex.org/W2596063051","https://openalex.org/W2753830550","https://openalex.org/W2883478711","https://openalex.org/W2888134978","https://openalex.org/W2901343226","https://openalex.org/W2909166675","https://openalex.org/W2913275455","https://openalex.org/W2938574791","https://openalex.org/W2941246007","https://openalex.org/W2962760173","https://openalex.org/W2981310284","https://openalex.org/W2998526207","https://openalex.org/W3000000785","https://openalex.org/W3003257820","https://openalex.org/W3003881631","https://openalex.org/W3007155958","https://openalex.org/W3139816037","https://openalex.org/W3214442659","https://openalex.org/W4252684946","https://openalex.org/W6675354045"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2114062898","https://openalex.org/W2082966849","https://openalex.org/W2886018862","https://openalex.org/W2607576817","https://openalex.org/W2149990120","https://openalex.org/W1549414686","https://openalex.org/W4309021794","https://openalex.org/W2167160009","https://openalex.org/W3197321040","https://openalex.org/W2152908566"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"According":[0],"to":[1,55,72,78,92,117,132,149,164],"the":[2,21,120,140,151,183],"World":[3],"Health":[4],"Organization,":[5],"about":[6],"422":[7],"million":[8],"people":[9],"worldwide":[10,80],"have":[11],"type":[12,15],"1":[13],"or":[14,214],"2":[16],"diabetes":[17,35],"(T1D,":[18],"T2D),":[19],"with":[20,34],"latter":[22],"accounting":[23],"for":[24],"90-95%":[25],"of":[26,32,41,98,119,137,157,176,205],"cases.":[27],"Safe":[28],"and":[29,38,59,76,84,199,229],"effective":[30],"treatment":[31,206],"patients":[33,65,201],"requires":[36],"accurate":[37],"frequent":[39],"monitoring":[40,48,52],"their":[42],"blood":[43],"sugar":[44],"levels.":[45],"Continuous":[46],"glucose":[47],"(CGM)":[49],"is":[50],"a":[51,89,95,112,169,203],"technology":[53],"developed":[54],"address":[56],"this":[57],"need,":[58],"its":[60],"use":[61],"among":[62],"U.S.":[63],"T1D":[64,83,198],"has":[66],"increased":[67],"from":[68,194],"6%":[69],"in":[70,74,81,122,173,182,224],"2011":[71],"38%":[73],"2018":[75],"continues":[77],"increase":[79],"both":[82],"T2D.":[85],"This":[86],"paper":[87],"presents":[88],"data-driven":[90],"approach":[91],"determine":[93],"\u03a9,":[94],"finite":[96],"set":[97,127,143,153],"representative":[99,170],"daily":[100,107,171,179,191,209],"profiles":[101,181,193,220],"(motifs)":[102],"such":[103],"that":[104],"almost":[105],"any":[106],"CGM":[108,180,192],"profile":[109,172],"generated":[110],"by":[111,161],"patient":[113],"can":[114,221],"be":[115,222],"matched":[116],"one":[118],"motifs":[121],"\u03a9.":[123,154],"The":[124,155,218],"training":[125],"data":[126,142,185,188],"(9741":[128],"profiles)":[129,146],"was":[130,147,159],"used":[131,148,223],"identify":[133],"8":[134],"candidate":[135],"sets":[136,189],"motifs,":[138],"while":[139],"validation":[141],"(14":[144],"175":[145],"select":[150],"final":[152],"robustness":[156],"\u03a9":[158],"established":[160],"using":[162,202],"it":[163],"successfully":[165],"classify":[166],"(match":[167],"against":[168],"\u03a9)":[174],"99.0%":[175],"42":[177],"595":[178],"testing":[184],"set.":[186],"All":[187],"contained":[190],"six":[195],"studies":[196],"involving":[197],"T2D":[200],"variety":[204],"modes,":[207],"including":[208],"insulin":[210,212],"injections,":[211],"pumps,":[213],"artificial":[215],"pancreas":[216],"(AP).":[217],"classified":[219],"predictive":[225],"modeling,":[226],"decision":[227],"support,":[228],"automated":[230],"control":[231],"systems":[232],"(e.g.,":[233],"AP).":[234]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-05-05T08:41:31.759640","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}