{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3173346819","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2021.3091689","title":"Precise Temporal Control of Interferential Neural Stimulation via Phase Modulation","display_name":"Precise Temporal Control of Interferential Neural Stimulation via Phase Modulation","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3173346819","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2021.3091689","mag":"3173346819","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34161235"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbme.2021.3091689","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2021.3091689","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5240358","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","issn_l":"0018-9294","issn":["0018-9294","1558-2531"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084059032","display_name":"Yasuo Terasawa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4535-8589"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210117075","display_name":"Nidek (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/0282x2n68","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117075"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yasuo Terasawa","raw_affiliation_strings":["R&D Division, Nidek Company, Ltd., Artificial Vision Institute, Gamagori, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4535-8589","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"R&D Division, Nidek Company, Ltd., Artificial Vision Institute, Gamagori, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210117075"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078431428","display_name":"Hiroyuki Tashiro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5669-154X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135598925","display_name":"Kyushu University","ror":"https://ror.org/00p4k0j84","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135598925"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75917431","display_name":"Nara Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05bhada84","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75917431"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hiroyuki Tashiro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan","Division of Medical Technology, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75917431"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Medical Technology, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135598925"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113882707","display_name":"Tokio Ueno","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210117075","display_name":"Nidek (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/0282x2n68","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117075"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tokio Ueno","raw_affiliation_strings":["Artificial Vision Institute, R&D Div., Nidek Company, Ltd, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Vision Institute, R&D Div., Nidek Company, Ltd, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210117075"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025399403","display_name":"Jun Ohta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8194-9020"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75917431","display_name":"Nara Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05bhada84","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75917431"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Ohta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8194-9020","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75917431"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5084059032"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210117075"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7613,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74427626,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"69","issue":"1","first_page":"220","last_page":"228"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10919","display_name":"Neurological disorders and treatments","score":0.40799999237060547,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10919","display_name":"Neurological disorders and treatments","score":0.40799999237060547,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10614","display_name":"Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies","score":0.3407999873161316,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11601","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neural Engineering","score":0.07779999822378159,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stimulation","display_name":"Stimulation","score":0.6603955030441284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amplitude","display_name":"Amplitude","score":0.6111854910850525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/envelope","display_name":"Envelope (radar)","score":0.6103618144989014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.5818783640861511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interference","display_name":"Interference (communication)","score":0.5452866554260254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amplitude-modulation","display_name":"Amplitude modulation","score":0.4964187741279602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase","display_name":"Phase (matter)","score":0.45315077900886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biomedical-engineering","display_name":"Biomedical engineering","score":0.4386809170246124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-modulation","display_name":"Phase modulation","score":0.4380866587162018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pulse-width-modulation","display_name":"Pulse-width modulation","score":0.43749234080314636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/imaging-phantom","display_name":"Imaging phantom","score":0.4318097233772278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-modulation","display_name":"Frequency modulation","score":0.42256516218185425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.41627469658851624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.38915812969207764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.31586480140686035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-frequency","display_name":"Radio frequency","score":0.2667351961135864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.2504570484161377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.2497156858444214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.2348760962486267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.21150252223014832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1422024667263031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.11927741765975952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.07705634832382202}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24998067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4114622","display_name":"Stimulation","level":2,"score":0.6603955030441284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180205008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159190","display_name":"Amplitude","level":2,"score":0.6111854910850525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65155139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5380912","display_name":"Envelope (radar)","level":3,"score":0.6103618144989014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.5818783640861511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.5452866554260254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201905106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183755","display_name":"Amplitude modulation","level":4,"score":0.4964187741279602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.45315077900886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136229726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327092","display_name":"Biomedical engineering","level":1,"score":0.4386809170246124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96834759","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750463","display_name":"Phase modulation","level":3,"score":0.4380866587162018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92746544","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q585184","display_name":"Pulse-width modulation","level":3,"score":0.43749234080314636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104293457","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28324852","display_name":"Imaging phantom","level":2,"score":0.4318097233772278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11930861","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181417","display_name":"Frequency modulation","level":3,"score":0.42256516218185425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.41627469658851624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.38915812969207764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.31586480140686035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74064498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3396184","display_name":"Radio frequency","level":2,"score":0.2667351961135864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2504570484161377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.2497156858444214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.2348760962486267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.21150252223014832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1422024667263031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.11927741765975952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.07705634832382202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004558","descriptor_name":"Electric Stimulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004558","descriptor_name":"Electric Stimulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004558","descriptor_name":"Electric Stimulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004566","descriptor_name":"Electrodes","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004566","descriptor_name":"Electrodes","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004566","descriptor_name":"Electrodes","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006339","descriptor_name":"Heart Rate","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006339","descriptor_name":"Heart Rate","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006339","descriptor_name":"Heart Rate","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013238","descriptor_name":"Stereotaxic Techniques","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013238","descriptor_name":"Stereotaxic Techniques","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013238","descriptor_name":"Stereotaxic Techniques","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019047","descriptor_name":"Phantoms, Imaging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019047","descriptor_name":"Phantoms, Imaging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019047","descriptor_name":"Phantoms, Imaging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbme.2021.3091689","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2021.3091689","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5240358","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","issn_l":"0018-9294","issn":["0018-9294","1558-2531"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34161235","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34161235","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1495200328","https://openalex.org/W1986073843","https://openalex.org/W1986756553","https://openalex.org/W2005579016","https://openalex.org/W2021851162","https://openalex.org/W2054078179","https://openalex.org/W2058871194","https://openalex.org/W2092119048","https://openalex.org/W2101656718","https://openalex.org/W2182360844","https://openalex.org/W2209723663","https://openalex.org/W2312817279","https://openalex.org/W2476154117","https://openalex.org/W2551557427","https://openalex.org/W2578536346","https://openalex.org/W2620619632","https://openalex.org/W2792374807","https://openalex.org/W2888970993","https://openalex.org/W2917203101","https://openalex.org/W2942694457","https://openalex.org/W2949208940","https://openalex.org/W2980373045","https://openalex.org/W3042689524","https://openalex.org/W3094895289","https://openalex.org/W3122340814","https://openalex.org/W3214241024","https://openalex.org/W4238750556","https://openalex.org/W4301018393"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2068642629","https://openalex.org/W1981228798","https://openalex.org/W4363647395","https://openalex.org/W2046525430","https://openalex.org/W1966132289","https://openalex.org/W2004723848","https://openalex.org/W2093894424","https://openalex.org/W2971711574","https://openalex.org/W2156257235","https://openalex.org/W2006802814"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"Noninvasive":[1],"neural":[2,217],"stimulation":[3,28,64,215],"via":[4],"temporally":[5,159,213],"interferential":[6,63,196,204,209],"(TI)":[7],"electrical":[8],"field":[9],"is":[10,29,80],"currently":[11],"an":[12],"area":[13],"of":[14,20,26,32,36,43,53,61,103,108,121,127,168,171,195,203],"interest":[15],"as":[16],"a":[17,77,109,116,157],"noninvasive":[18],"method":[19],"brain":[21],"stimulation.":[22,205],"The":[23,51,124,148,165],"major":[24],"limitation":[25],"TI":[27,132,176],"the":[30,37,41,44,49,59,106,122,153,169,172,200,222],"difficulty":[31],"precise":[33,67,192,214],"temporal":[34,68,193],"control":[35,69,194],"stimulation,":[38,197,210],"due":[39],"to":[40,57,82,90,216],"nature":[42],"sinusoidal":[45,78,110],"envelope":[46,128,162,173],"generated":[47],"by":[48,65,131,175],"interference.":[50,92],"purpose":[52],"this":[54,94],"study":[55],"was":[56,112,135],"investigate":[58],"possibility":[60],"improving":[62],"introducing":[66],"using":[70,137,144,163],"phase":[71,98,107],"modulation.":[72],"METHODS:":[73],"In":[74,93],"conventional":[75],"TI,":[76],"current":[79],"applied":[81],"two":[83],"electrode":[84],"pairs":[85],"with":[86,186],"slightly":[87],"different":[88],"frequencies,":[89],"cause":[91],"paper":[95],"we":[96],"describe":[97],"modulation":[99,129,174],"interference":[100],"(PMI).":[101],"Instead":[102],"shifting":[104],"frequency,":[105],"wave":[111],"partially":[113],"modulated,":[114],"causing":[115],"transient":[117,151],"increase":[118],"or":[119],"decrease":[120],"envelope.":[123],"spatial":[125,166],"distribution":[126],"amplitude":[130,170],"and":[133,141,177,183],"PMI":[134,178,190,207],"visualized":[136],"both":[138],"electromagnetic":[139,187],"simulation":[140],"actual":[142],"measurement":[143],"tissue":[145,154,218],"phantom.":[146],"RESULTS:":[147],"measured":[149],"voltage":[150],"in":[152],"phantom":[155],"produce":[156],"precise,":[158],"controlled":[160],"pulse-like":[161],"PMI.":[164],"distributions":[167],"did":[179],"not":[180],"differ":[181],"significantly,":[182],"were":[184],"consistent":[185],"simulation.":[188],"CONCLUSION:":[189],"allows":[191],"thus":[198],"increasing":[199],"practical":[201],"utility":[202],"SIGNIFICANCE:":[206],"improves":[208],"allowing":[211],"more":[212],"located":[219],"distantly":[220],"from":[221],"stimulating":[223],"electrodes.":[224]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-29T09:16:38.111599","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}