{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3152540851","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2021.3073380","title":"Rapid Estimation of Entire Brain Strain Using Deep Learning Models","display_name":"Rapid Estimation of Entire Brain Strain Using Deep Learning Models","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-04-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3152540851","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2021.3073380","mag":"3152540851"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbme.2021.3073380","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2021.3073380","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5240358","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","issn_l":"0018-9294","issn":["0018-9294","1558-2531"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2010.08527","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031246240","display_name":"Xianghao Zhan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7058-2603"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xianghao Zhan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100650871","display_name":"Yuzhe Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9451-0620"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuzhe Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Yuzhe Liu is with the Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yuzhe Liu is with the Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050382144","display_name":"Samuel Raymond","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2691-652X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samuel Raymond","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102780211","display_name":"Hossein Vahid Alizadeh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hossein Vahid Alizadeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025123325","display_name":"August G. Domel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6161-5840"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"August Domel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078274543","display_name":"Olivier Gevaert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9965-5466"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Olivier Gevaert","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Informatics, Stanford University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, Stanford University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002024060","display_name":"Michael Zeineh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6940-9096"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Zeineh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology, Stanford University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, Stanford University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012203120","display_name":"Gerald A. Grant","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2651-4603"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gerald Grant","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051027391","display_name":"David B. Camarillo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4965-2977"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Camarillo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5031246240"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.9845,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":66,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98283254,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"68","issue":"11","first_page":"3424","last_page":"3434"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10416","display_name":"Traumatic Brain Injury Research","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10416","display_name":"Traumatic Brain Injury Research","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11487","display_name":"Automotive and Human Injury Biomechanics","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12296","display_name":"Autopsy Techniques and Outcomes","score":0.9886000156402588,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6255435347557068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.609444260597229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5840116739273071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5609524846076965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/head","display_name":"Head (geology)","score":0.5595001578330994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/initialization","display_name":"Initialization","score":0.5441497564315796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deformation","display_name":"Deformation (meteorology)","score":0.5302624106407166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-engineering","display_name":"Feature engineering","score":0.4959321916103363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.48727333545684814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.47015881538391113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finite-element-method","display_name":"Finite element method","score":0.45956236124038696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-head","display_name":"Human head","score":0.44972726702690125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.3824988603591919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-engineering","display_name":"Structural engineering","score":0.22538799047470093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2078835666179657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.1876842975616455}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6255435347557068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.609444260597229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5840116739273071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5609524846076965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780312720","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5689100","display_name":"Head (geology)","level":2,"score":0.5595001578330994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114466953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6034165","display_name":"Initialization","level":2,"score":0.5441497564315796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204366326","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3027650","display_name":"Deformation (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.5302624106407166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778827112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22245680","display_name":"Feature engineering","level":3,"score":0.4959321916103363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.48727333545684814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.47015881538391113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135628077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220184","display_name":"Finite element method","level":2,"score":0.45956236124038696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780549717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3409626","display_name":"Human head","level":3,"score":0.44972726702690125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.3824988603591919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.22538799047470093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2078835666179657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.1876842975616455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114793014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52109","display_name":"Geomorphology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbme.2021.3073380","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2021.3073380","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5240358","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","issn_l":"0018-9294","issn":["0018-9294","1558-2531"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2010.08527","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2010.08527","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2010.08527","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2010.08527","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2010.08527","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2010.08527","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":74,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W138039427","https://openalex.org/W161308917","https://openalex.org/W1515010848","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1534477342","https://openalex.org/W1970473913","https://openalex.org/W2000965529","https://openalex.org/W2005858031","https://openalex.org/W2010192028","https://openalex.org/W2012185925","https://openalex.org/W2025639202","https://openalex.org/W2026070420","https://openalex.org/W2090592546","https://openalex.org/W2096152928","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2116674322","https://openalex.org/W2120088820","https://openalex.org/W2122424589","https://openalex.org/W2123674272","https://openalex.org/W2128537605","https://openalex.org/W2131553043","https://openalex.org/W2133214170","https://openalex.org/W2145287260","https://openalex.org/W2156462845","https://openalex.org/W2271840356","https://openalex.org/W2331509664","https://openalex.org/W2343332177","https://openalex.org/W2404901863","https://openalex.org/W2412108891","https://openalex.org/W2480000431","https://openalex.org/W2520190240","https://openalex.org/W2521642094","https://openalex.org/W2605194641","https://openalex.org/W2765788989","https://openalex.org/W2767982376","https://openalex.org/W2783808523","https://openalex.org/W2800743155","https://openalex.org/W2807758116","https://openalex.org/W2890104792","https://openalex.org/W2895958831","https://openalex.org/W2896375213","https://openalex.org/W2902545297","https://openalex.org/W2903517477","https://openalex.org/W2912984781","https://openalex.org/W2944216970","https://openalex.org/W2956115221","https://openalex.org/W2964121744","https://openalex.org/W2971646345","https://openalex.org/W2978141033","https://openalex.org/W2978436596","https://openalex.org/W2989569062","https://openalex.org/W2991636774","https://openalex.org/W2994954290","https://openalex.org/W3003466106","https://openalex.org/W3010417987","https://openalex.org/W3014480111","https://openalex.org/W3047127101","https://openalex.org/W3049599564","https://openalex.org/W3088466618","https://openalex.org/W3092082948","https://openalex.org/W3092886976","https://openalex.org/W3097754399","https://openalex.org/W3115934613","https://openalex.org/W3117507122","https://openalex.org/W3143251550","https://openalex.org/W3179535140","https://openalex.org/W3182994126","https://openalex.org/W3191764751","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6675354045","https://openalex.org/W6694517276","https://openalex.org/W6787750450","https://openalex.org/W6787961773","https://openalex.org/W6792743596"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2292270636","https://openalex.org/W2434467261","https://openalex.org/W2167872441","https://openalex.org/W2956637324","https://openalex.org/W2119703321","https://openalex.org/W4302967677","https://openalex.org/W1985149223","https://openalex.org/W2352266088","https://openalex.org/W3034267371","https://openalex.org/W2092147473"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Objective:":[0],"Many":[1],"recent":[2],"studies":[3],"suggest":[4],"that":[5],"brain":[6,23,41,71,146,200,231,241],"deformation":[7,42,72,232],"resulting":[8],"from":[9,109,215,243],"head":[10,32,53,88,107,113,130,186,219,248],"impacts":[11,108,249],"are":[12],"linked":[13],"to":[14,39,58,68,193,224],"the":[15,47,59,70,77,103,134,144,182,197,225,240],"corresponding":[16],"clinical":[17,48,80,227],"outcome,":[18],"such":[19],"as":[20],"mild":[21],"traumatic":[22],"injury":[24],"(mTBI).":[25],"Even":[26],"if":[27],"several":[28],"finite":[29],"element":[30,142],"(FE)":[31],"models":[33,54],"have":[34],"been":[35],"developed":[36],"and":[37,74,96,99,101,116,120,161,174,179,204],"validated":[38],"calculate":[40,133],"based":[43],"on":[44,105],"impact":[45],"kinematics,":[46],"application":[49,228],"of":[50,62,112,159,165,184,199,218,247],"these":[51],"FE":[52,63,254],"is":[55],"limited":[56],"due":[57],"time-consuming":[60],"nature":[61],"simulations.":[64],"This":[65],"work":[66],"aims":[67],"accelerate":[69],"calculation":[73,198],"thus":[75],"improve":[76],"potential":[78,226],"for":[79,140],"applications.":[81],"Methods:":[82],"We":[83],"propose":[84],"a":[85,91,110,162,244],"deep":[86,93,128],"learning":[87,129],"model":[89,104,114,131,175,189,235],"with":[90,152,170,202],"five-layer":[92],"neural":[94],"network":[95],"feature":[97],"engineering,":[98],"trained":[100],"tested":[102,180],"2511":[106,185],"combination":[111],"simulations":[115],"on-field":[117],"college":[118],"football":[119],"mixed":[121],"martial":[122],"arts":[123],"impacts.":[124,220],"Results:":[125],"The":[126],"proposed":[127],"can":[132,190,207],"maximum":[135],"principal":[136],"strain":[137,201,242],"(Green":[138],"Lagrange)":[139],"every":[141],"in":[143,147,196,229],"entire":[145],"less":[148],"than":[149,252],"0.001":[150,166],"s":[151],"an":[153],"average":[154],"root":[155],"mean":[156],"squared":[157],"error":[158],"0.022":[160],"standard":[163],"deviation":[164],"over":[167],"twenty":[168],"repeats":[169],"random":[171],"data":[172,214],"partition":[173],"initialization.":[176],"Conclusion:":[177],"Trained":[178],"using":[181,253],"dataset":[183],"impacts,":[187],"this":[188,234],"be":[191,210],"applied":[192],"various":[194],"sports":[195],"accuracy,":[203],"its":[205],"applicability":[206],"even":[208],"further":[209],"extended":[211],"by":[212],"incorporating":[213],"other":[216],"types":[217],"Significance:":[221],"In":[222],"addition":[223],"real-time":[230],"monitoring,":[233],"will":[236],"help":[237],"researchers":[238],"estimate":[239],"large":[245],"number":[246],"more":[250],"efficiently":[251],"models.":[255]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":13}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2021-04-26T00:00:00"}
