{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3129212220","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2021.3062256","title":"A Fusion Algorithm for Saccade Eye Movement Enhancement With EOG and Lumped-Element Models","display_name":"A Fusion Algorithm for Saccade Eye Movement Enhancement With EOG and Lumped-Element Models","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-02-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3129212220","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2021.3062256","mag":"3129212220","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33630734"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbme.2021.3062256","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2021.3062256","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5240358","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","issn_l":"0018-9294","issn":["0018-9294","1558-2531"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030948637","display_name":"P. D. S. H. Gunawardane","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9195-6048"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"P. D. S. H. Gunawardane","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microelectromechanical Systems Laboratory, and the Industrial Automation Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9195-6048","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microelectromechanical Systems Laboratory, and the Industrial Automation Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068779467","display_name":"Raymond R. MacNeil","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. R. MacNeil","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vision Lab, Department of Psychology, The University of British Columbia, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vision Lab, Department of Psychology, The University of British Columbia, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101504695","display_name":"Leo Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6688-2339"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L. Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microelectromechanical Systems Laboratory, and the Industrial Automation Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6688-2339","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microelectromechanical Systems Laboratory, and the Industrial Automation Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070010340","display_name":"James T. Enns","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3676-8316"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. T. Enns","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vision Lab, Department of Psychology, The University of British Columbia, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3676-8316","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vision Lab, Department of Psychology, The University of British Columbia, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077953037","display_name":"Clarence W. de Silva","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5871-639X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C. W. de Silva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Industrial Automation Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5871-639X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Industrial Automation Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044050496","display_name":"Mu Chiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9128-3290"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Chiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microelectromechanical Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9128-3290","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microelectromechanical Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5030948637"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.21,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78104876,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"68","issue":"10","first_page":"3048","last_page":"3058"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10250","display_name":"Glaucoma and retinal disorders","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10997","display_name":"Ocular Surface and Contact Lens","score":0.98580002784729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/saccade","display_name":"Saccade","score":0.7990219593048096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrooculography","display_name":"Electrooculography","score":0.7089250683784485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-movement","display_name":"Eye movement","score":0.6653608679771423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6616041660308838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6486226320266724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.6204332113265991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kalman-filter","display_name":"Kalman filter","score":0.574431836605072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/morlet-wavelet","display_name":"Morlet wavelet","score":0.5404753088951111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.45303404331207275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/band-pass-filter","display_name":"Band-pass filter","score":0.4355713725090027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/filter","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","score":0.4149041771888733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biosignal","display_name":"Biosignal","score":0.4136122465133667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelet","display_name":"Wavelet","score":0.4029800295829773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelet-transform","display_name":"Wavelet transform","score":0.38194870948791504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3414025902748108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.32888948917388916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1817033588886261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.12493884563446045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-wavelet-transform","display_name":"Discrete wavelet transform","score":0.09092724323272705}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779524336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q369503","display_name":"Saccade","level":3,"score":0.7990219593048096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778681526","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420647","display_name":"Electrooculography","level":3,"score":0.7089250683784485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153050134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q760256","display_name":"Eye movement","level":2,"score":0.6653608679771423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6616041660308838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6486226320266724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6204332113265991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157286648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846780","display_name":"Kalman filter","level":2,"score":0.574431836605072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778280487","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505077","display_name":"Morlet wavelet","level":5,"score":0.5404753088951111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.45303404331207275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147788027","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2718101","display_name":"Band-pass filter","level":2,"score":0.4355713725090027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.4149041771888733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779055241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q644240","display_name":"Biosignal","level":3,"score":0.4136122465133667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47432892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831390","display_name":"Wavelet","level":2,"score":0.4029800295829773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196216189","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2867","display_name":"Wavelet transform","level":3,"score":0.38194870948791504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3414025902748108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.32888948917388916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1817033588886261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.12493884563446045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46286280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414958","display_name":"Discrete wavelet transform","level":4,"score":0.09092724323272705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004585","descriptor_name":"Electrooculography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004585","descriptor_name":"Electrooculography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004585","descriptor_name":"Electrooculography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005133","descriptor_name":"Eye Movements","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005133","descriptor_name":"Eye Movements","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005133","descriptor_name":"Eye Movements","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012438","descriptor_name":"Saccades","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012438","descriptor_name":"Saccades","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012438","descriptor_name":"Saccades","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016477","descriptor_name":"Artifacts","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016477","descriptor_name":"Artifacts","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016477","descriptor_name":"Artifacts","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbme.2021.3062256","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2021.3062256","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5240358","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","issn_l":"0018-9294","issn":["0018-9294","1558-2531"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33630734","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33630734","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1560575047","https://openalex.org/W1967628241","https://openalex.org/W1985001010","https://openalex.org/W2030977928","https://openalex.org/W2031753462","https://openalex.org/W2041179708","https://openalex.org/W2071936867","https://openalex.org/W2079464388","https://openalex.org/W2081092122","https://openalex.org/W2105934661","https://openalex.org/W2109267452","https://openalex.org/W2118266565","https://openalex.org/W2119167896","https://openalex.org/W2147994416","https://openalex.org/W2170613067","https://openalex.org/W2229940343","https://openalex.org/W2539353608","https://openalex.org/W2773728576","https://openalex.org/W2781517419","https://openalex.org/W2911931710","https://openalex.org/W2912023328","https://openalex.org/W2913606428","https://openalex.org/W2913846516","https://openalex.org/W2919173667","https://openalex.org/W2962929201","https://openalex.org/W2979576885","https://openalex.org/W2980107911","https://openalex.org/W2993774883","https://openalex.org/W2998885320","https://openalex.org/W3005203982","https://openalex.org/W3018108388","https://openalex.org/W3033739973","https://openalex.org/W3200736232","https://openalex.org/W3202274224","https://openalex.org/W4252778927","https://openalex.org/W6778868905","https://openalex.org/W6802330574"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4214581441","https://openalex.org/W2053762217","https://openalex.org/W2494432015","https://openalex.org/W2114479223","https://openalex.org/W2134572333","https://openalex.org/W2150501849","https://openalex.org/W1968240874","https://openalex.org/W3018108388","https://openalex.org/W2142736086","https://openalex.org/W2546090677"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Electrooculography":[0],"(EOG)":[1],"can":[2,90],"be":[3,91],"used":[4,66],"to":[5,17,34,67,80,109],"measure":[6],"eye":[7,24,129,159],"movements":[8],"while":[9],"the":[10,20,99,163,175],"eyelids":[11],"are":[12,76],"open":[13],"or":[14],"closed":[15],"and":[16,31,41,50,61,69,83,93,115,125,146,196],"assist":[18],"in":[19,28,47,191],"diagnosis":[21],"of":[22,98,171,200],"certain":[23],"diseases.":[25],"However,":[26,73],"challenges":[27],"biosignal":[29],"acquisition":[30],"processing":[32],"lead":[33],"limited":[35,37],"accuracy,":[36],"resolution":[38],"(both":[39],"temporal":[40],"spatial),":[42],"as":[43,45,55,95],"well":[44],"difficulties":[46],"reducing":[48,192],"noise":[49],"detecting":[51],"artifacts.":[52],"Methods":[53],"such":[54],"finite":[56],"impulse":[57],"response,":[58],"wavelet":[59],"transforms,":[60],"averaging":[62],"filters":[63,75],"have":[64],"been":[65],"denoise":[68],"enhance":[70,110],"EOG":[71,117,135,205],"measurements.":[72],"these":[74,147],"not":[77],"specifically":[78],"designed":[79],"detect":[81],"saccades,":[82],"so":[84],"key":[85],"features":[86,112,199],"(e.g.,":[87],"saccade":[88,111,201],"amplitude)":[89],"over-filtered":[92],"distorted":[94],"a":[96,105,132,152,168],"consequence":[97],"filtering":[100,189],"process.":[101],"Here":[102],"we":[103,120,179],"present":[104,203],"model-based":[106,165,184],"fusion":[107],"technique":[108],"within":[113,204],"noisy":[114],"raw":[116],"signals.":[118,206],"Specifically,":[119],"focus":[121],"on":[122],"Westheimer":[123],"(WH)":[124],"linear":[126],"reciprocal":[127],"(LR)":[128],"models":[130],"with":[131,151],"Kalman":[133],"filter.":[134],"signals":[136],"were":[137,149],"measured":[138],"using":[139],"OpenBCI's":[140],"Cyton":[141],"Board":[142],"(at":[143],"250":[144,157],"Hz),":[145],"measurements":[148],"compared":[150],"state-of-the-art":[153],"EyeLink":[154],"1000":[155],"(EL;":[156],"Hz)":[158],"tracker.":[160],"On":[161],"average,":[162],"LR":[164,183],"KF":[166,185],"produced":[167],"47%":[169],"improvement":[170],"measurement":[172],"accuracy":[173],"over":[174],"bandpass":[176,188],"filters.":[177],"Thus,":[178],"conclude":[180],"that":[181],"our":[182],"outperforms":[186],"standard":[187],"techniques":[190],"noise,":[193],"eliminating":[194],"artifacts,":[195],"restoring":[197],"missing":[198],"signatures":[202]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
