{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3086455568","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2020.3023328","title":"Quantification and Modeling of Ankle Stiffness During Standing Balance","display_name":"Quantification and Modeling of Ankle Stiffness During Standing Balance","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-09-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3086455568","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2020.3023328","mag":"3086455568","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32915720"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbme.2020.3023328","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2020.3023328","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5240358","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","issn_l":"0018-9294","issn":["0018-9294","1558-2531"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015207003","display_name":"Varun Nalam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0837-1175"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Varun Nalam","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051051571","display_name":"Ermyntrude Adjei","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ermyntrude Adjei","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049280323","display_name":"Hyunglae Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3853-510X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyunglae Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3853-510X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9578,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71103924,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"68","issue":"6","first_page":"1828","last_page":"1837"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11023","display_name":"Prosthetics and Rehabilitation Robotics","score":0.7825999855995178,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11023","display_name":"Prosthetics and Rehabilitation Robotics","score":0.7825999855995178,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10114","display_name":"Balance, Gait, and Falls Prevention","score":0.0681999996304512,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3612","display_name":"Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10510","display_name":"Stroke Rehabilitation and Recovery","score":0.04769999906420708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2742","display_name":"Rehabilitation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ankle","display_name":"Ankle","score":0.8871813416481018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sagittal-plane","display_name":"Sagittal plane","score":0.7965044975280762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stiffness","display_name":"Stiffness","score":0.7784788012504578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronal-plane","display_name":"Coronal plane","score":0.5755064487457275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3815019428730011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-medicine-and-rehabilitation","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","score":0.36335939168930054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3326003849506378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.31732505559921265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-engineering","display_name":"Structural engineering","score":0.27571019530296326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anatomy","display_name":"Anatomy","score":0.21044650673866272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1534697413444519}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778640784","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168002","display_name":"Ankle","level":2,"score":0.8871813416481018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178910020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2211994","display_name":"Sagittal plane","level":2,"score":0.7965044975280762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779372316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q569057","display_name":"Stiffness","level":2,"score":0.7784788012504578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13483470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1470152","display_name":"Coronal plane","level":2,"score":0.5755064487457275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3815019428730011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.36335939168930054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3326003849506378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.31732505559921265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.27571019530296326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105702510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514","display_name":"Anatomy","level":1,"score":0.21044650673866272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1534697413444519}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000842","descriptor_name":"Ankle","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000842","descriptor_name":"Ankle","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000842","descriptor_name":"Ankle","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000843","descriptor_name":"Ankle Joint","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000843","descriptor_name":"Ankle Joint","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000843","descriptor_name":"Ankle Joint","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001696","descriptor_name":"Biomechanical Phenomena","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001696","descriptor_name":"Biomechanical Phenomena","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001696","descriptor_name":"Biomechanical Phenomena","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004856","descriptor_name":"Postural Balance","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004856","descriptor_name":"Postural Balance","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004856","descriptor_name":"Postural Balance","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009119","descriptor_name":"Muscle Contraction","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009119","descriptor_name":"Muscle Contraction","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009119","descriptor_name":"Muscle Contraction","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018482","descriptor_name":"Muscle, Skeletal","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018482","descriptor_name":"Muscle, Skeletal","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018482","descriptor_name":"Muscle, Skeletal","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbme.2020.3023328","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2020.3023328","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5240358","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","issn_l":"0018-9294","issn":["0018-9294","1558-2531"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:32915720","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32915720","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4300000071525574,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309835","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W216375646","https://openalex.org/W1977929578","https://openalex.org/W1983801397","https://openalex.org/W1989721073","https://openalex.org/W1994438809","https://openalex.org/W1999881894","https://openalex.org/W2017265991","https://openalex.org/W2017380219","https://openalex.org/W2017386762","https://openalex.org/W2037036659","https://openalex.org/W2038159945","https://openalex.org/W2038769905","https://openalex.org/W2039703906","https://openalex.org/W2044951073","https://openalex.org/W2050551672","https://openalex.org/W2060257288","https://openalex.org/W2081254081","https://openalex.org/W2097904002","https://openalex.org/W2099683979","https://openalex.org/W2101892505","https://openalex.org/W2124702357","https://openalex.org/W2135270981","https://openalex.org/W2144781570","https://openalex.org/W2155176283","https://openalex.org/W2209690788","https://openalex.org/W2343715419","https://openalex.org/W2412438256","https://openalex.org/W2507338872","https://openalex.org/W2756812675","https://openalex.org/W2766730517","https://openalex.org/W2789801633","https://openalex.org/W2885294589","https://openalex.org/W2888750686","https://openalex.org/W2897961857","https://openalex.org/W2909074647","https://openalex.org/W4249099723","https://openalex.org/W6755861765"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2085797056","https://openalex.org/W3029575091","https://openalex.org/W3206109241","https://openalex.org/W2096492337","https://openalex.org/W2089641517","https://openalex.org/W2053950117","https://openalex.org/W4327677471","https://openalex.org/W2392728866","https://openalex.org/W4391683356","https://openalex.org/W2097859795"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Objective:":[0],"This":[1],"study":[2,219],"investigates":[3],"the":[4,8,18,42,61,73,79,90,96,103,119,124,133,151,154,163,175,198,211,222,231],"factors":[5,94],"contributing":[6],"to":[7,36,102],"modulation":[9],"of":[10,20,52,65,82,153,217,224],"ankle":[11,38,53,70,108,126,130,160,172,187,192,207,232,244],"stiffness":[12,22,39,71,109,117,161,173,208,233],"during":[13,99],"standing":[14,101,170],"balance":[15],"and":[16,29,44,58,129,191,205,227],"evaluates":[17],"reliability":[19,113,152],"linear":[21,87,155,184,199],"models.":[23],"Methods:":[24],"A":[25],"dual-axis":[26],"robotic":[27],"platform":[28],"a":[30,141,183,239],"visual":[31],"feedback":[32],"display":[33],"were":[34,194],"used":[35,237],"quantify":[37],"in":[40,72,92,105,111,118,162,174,210,241],"both":[41],"sagittal":[43,74,176],"frontal":[45,120,164,212],"planes":[46],"while":[47],"subjects":[48,67],"controlled":[49],"different":[50],"levels":[51],"muscle":[54,127,188],"co-contraction,":[55],"center-of-pressure":[56],"(CoP),":[57],"loading":[59,193],"on":[60],"ankle.":[62],"Results:":[63],"Results":[64],"40":[66],"demonstrated":[68],"that":[69],"plane":[75,121,165,177],"linearly":[76],"increased":[77,122],"with":[78,123],"increasing":[80,125],"level":[81],"these":[83,93],"three":[84],"factors.":[85],"The":[86,215],"model":[88,156,185,200],"relating":[89],"change":[91,104],"from":[95],"baseline":[97,240],"measurements":[98],"quiet":[100],"weight":[106],"normalized":[107],"resulted":[110],"high":[112],"(R2=":[114,166],"0.83).":[115],"Ankle":[116],"co-contraction":[128],"loading,":[131],"but":[132],"linearity":[134],"was":[135,147,157],"less":[136],"obvious.":[137],"It":[138],"also":[139],"exhibited":[140],"clear":[142],"nonlinear":[143,206],"trend":[144],"when":[145],"CoP":[146],"shifted":[148],"mediolaterally.":[149],"Consequently,":[150],"low":[158],"for":[159],"0.37).":[167],"Conclusion:":[168],"During":[169],"balance,":[171],"could":[178,220,235],"be":[179,236],"well":[180],"explained":[181],"by":[182],"if":[186],"activation,":[189],"CoP,":[190],"collectively":[195],"considered.":[196],"However,":[197],"cannot":[201],"capture":[202],"highly":[203],"variable":[204],"characteristics":[209],"plane.":[213],"Significance:":[214],"outcomes":[216],"this":[218],"benefit":[221],"development":[223],"lower-extremity":[225],"robots":[226],"their":[228],"controllers.":[229],"Furthermore,":[230],"models":[234],"as":[238],"developing":[242],"patient-specific":[243],"rehabilitation":[245],"protocols.":[246]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}