{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3049129853","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2020.3016129","title":"Toward Minimal-Sensing Locomotion Mode Recognition for a Powered Knee-Ankle Prosthesis","display_name":"Toward Minimal-Sensing Locomotion Mode Recognition for a Powered Knee-Ankle Prosthesis","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-08-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3049129853","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2020.3016129","mag":"3049129853","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32784127"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbme.2020.3016129","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2020.3016129","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5240358","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","issn_l":"0018-9294","issn":["0018-9294","1558-2531"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032998598","display_name":"Gholamreza Khademi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3073-2734"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102607778","display_name":"Cleveland State University","ror":"https://ror.org/002tx1f22","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102607778"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36373038","display_name":"Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/02x4b0932","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1316902750","https://openalex.org/I36373038"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gholamreza Khademi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA","Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3073-2734","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102607778"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36373038"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019862542","display_name":"Dan Simon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1289-4000"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102607778","display_name":"Cleveland State University","ror":"https://ror.org/002tx1f22","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102607778"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dan Simon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Cleveland State University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1289-4000","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Cleveland State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102607778"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1069,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74131874,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"68","issue":"3","first_page":"967","last_page":"979"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11023","display_name":"Prosthetics and Rehabilitation Robotics","score":0.9750000238418579,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11023","display_name":"Prosthetics and Rehabilitation Robotics","score":0.9750000238418579,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10784","display_name":"Muscle activation and electromyography studies","score":0.008500000461935997,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10338","display_name":"Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials","score":0.004600000102072954,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5875798463821411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.5785360932350159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5281355977058411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/minification","display_name":"Minification","score":0.5252894163131714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-vector","display_name":"Feature vector","score":0.4877227246761322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.46477773785591125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ankle","display_name":"Ankle","score":0.4495309293270111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prosthesis","display_name":"Prosthesis","score":0.4396218955516815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.41887542605400085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.3711446523666382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3608890771865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.12162089347839355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surgery","display_name":"Surgery","score":0.08541861176490784}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5875798463821411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.5785360932350159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5281355977058411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147764199","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6865248","display_name":"Minification","level":2,"score":0.5252894163131714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83665646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42139305","display_name":"Feature vector","level":2,"score":0.4877227246761322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.46477773785591125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778640784","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168002","display_name":"Ankle","level":2,"score":0.4495309293270111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778715743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181802","display_name":"Prosthesis","level":2,"score":0.4396218955516815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.41887542605400085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.3711446523666382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3608890771865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.12162089347839355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.08541861176490784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000674","descriptor_name":"Amputees","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000674","descriptor_name":"Amputees","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000674","descriptor_name":"Amputees","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000842","descriptor_name":"Ankle","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000842","descriptor_name":"Ankle","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000842","descriptor_name":"Ankle","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001186","descriptor_name":"Artificial Limbs","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001186","descriptor_name":"Artificial Limbs","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001186","descriptor_name":"Artificial Limbs","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001696","descriptor_name":"Biomechanical Phenomena","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001696","descriptor_name":"Biomechanical Phenomena","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001696","descriptor_name":"Biomechanical Phenomena","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008124","descriptor_name":"Locomotion","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008124","descriptor_name":"Locomotion","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008124","descriptor_name":"Locomotion","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011474","descriptor_name":"Prosthesis Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011474","descriptor_name":"Prosthesis Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011474","descriptor_name":"Prosthesis Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016138","descriptor_name":"Walking","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016138","descriptor_name":"Walking","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016138","descriptor_name":"Walking","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbme.2020.3016129","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2020.3016129","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5240358","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","issn_l":"0018-9294","issn":["0018-9294","1558-2531"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:32784127","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32784127","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2652000363","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1536035","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335353","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G512825545","display_name":"Intuitive Control of a Hybrid Prosthetic Leg During Ambulation","funder_award_id":"5r01hd079428-09","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6010676673","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1344954","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335353","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G680510607","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R01 HD079428","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337611","funder_display_name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309105","display_name":"Cleveland State University","ror":"https://ror.org/002tx1f22"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335353","display_name":"National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka","ror":"https://ror.org/010xaa060"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337611","display_name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","ror":"https://ror.org/04byxyr05"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1487518386","https://openalex.org/W1605883445","https://openalex.org/W1656031401","https://openalex.org/W1685464609","https://openalex.org/W1914429872","https://openalex.org/W1967516228","https://openalex.org/W1988953708","https://openalex.org/W2002696260","https://openalex.org/W2007998668","https://openalex.org/W2010642057","https://openalex.org/W2017249007","https://openalex.org/W2078457597","https://openalex.org/W2093609443","https://openalex.org/W2097449267","https://openalex.org/W2106951868","https://openalex.org/W2117608991","https://openalex.org/W2119387367","https://openalex.org/W2134408600","https://openalex.org/W2139044388","https://openalex.org/W2144910137","https://openalex.org/W2165619603","https://openalex.org/W2167221577","https://openalex.org/W2168081761","https://openalex.org/W2187691308","https://openalex.org/W2321409658","https://openalex.org/W2340300691","https://openalex.org/W2522993510","https://openalex.org/W2613933396","https://openalex.org/W2675669017","https://openalex.org/W2762323924","https://openalex.org/W2764025497","https://openalex.org/W2791995750","https://openalex.org/W2800394774","https://openalex.org/W2900035190","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W3009386100","https://openalex.org/W3017143921","https://openalex.org/W3023169168","https://openalex.org/W6636042716","https://openalex.org/W6637461618","https://openalex.org/W6775057689"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2056518890","https://openalex.org/W2356887275","https://openalex.org/W2966270549","https://openalex.org/W2158386141","https://openalex.org/W2131951563","https://openalex.org/W4245580097","https://openalex.org/W3029574114","https://openalex.org/W2896517724","https://openalex.org/W2042853044","https://openalex.org/W3134002992"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"Locomotion":[1],"mode":[2],"recognition":[3],"(LMR)":[4],"enables":[5],"seamless":[6],"and":[7,32,52,86,107,144,154,160,177,202,210,215],"natural":[8],"transitions":[9],"between":[10,50],"low-level":[11],"control":[12],"systems":[13,79,180],"in":[14,140],"a":[15,20,47,69,93],"powered":[16,70,185],"prosthesis.":[17,72],"We":[18,40,73],"present":[19],"new":[21],"optimization":[22,44],"framework":[23,172,189],"for":[24,181,199],"LMR":[25,78,133,179],"that":[26,114,126],"eliminates":[27],"irrelevant":[28],"or":[29],"redundant":[30],"features":[31,159],"measurement":[33],"signals":[34],"while":[35,149],"still":[36],"maintaining":[37],"performance.":[38],"METHODS:":[39],"use":[41],"multi-objective":[42],"biogeography-based":[43],"to":[45,125,173,193],"find":[46],"compromise":[48],"solution":[49],"performance":[51,76,116],"the":[53,75,82,88,118,128,141,157,167,170,211],"minimization":[54],"of":[55,77,156,169],"feature":[56,84,90,120,130],"set":[57,91],"size.":[58],"Experimental":[59],"data":[60],"are":[61],"collected":[62],"from":[63],"four":[64],"transfemoral":[65,182],"users":[66],"walking":[67],"with":[68,81,87,135,184],"knee-ankle":[71],"compare":[74],"trained":[80,134],"optimal":[83,119,137],"subsets":[85,121],"full":[89,129],"using":[92,117,127,151],"deep":[94],"neural":[95],"network":[96],"classifier":[97,115],"across":[98],"six":[99],"locomotion":[100],"modes:":[101],"standing,":[102],"flat-ground":[103],"walking,":[104],"stair":[105],"up/down,":[106],"ramp":[108],"up/down.":[109],"RESULTS:":[110],"Statistical":[111],"tests":[112],"indicate":[113,166],"is":[122],"statistically":[123],"equal":[124],"set.":[131],"The":[132],"an":[136],"subset":[138],"results":[139],"1.98%":[142],"steady-state":[143],"4.09%":[145],"transitional":[146],"error":[147],"rates,":[148],"only":[150],"approximately":[152],"41%":[153],"53%":[155],"available":[158],"sensors,":[161],"respectively.":[162],"CONCLUSION:":[163],"Results":[164],"thus":[165],"capability":[168],"proposed":[171],"achieve":[174],"simultaneously":[175],"accurate":[176],"low-complex":[178],"individuals":[183],"prostheses.":[186],"SIGNIFICANCE:":[187],"This":[188],"would":[190],"potentially":[191],"lead":[192],"less":[194],"frequent":[195],"clinical":[196],"visits":[197],"needed":[198],"sensor":[200],"replacement":[201],"calibrations,":[203],"which":[204],"may":[205],"save":[206],"health":[207],"care":[208],"costs":[209],"prosthesis":[212],"user's":[213],"time":[214],"energy.":[216]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-08-06T08:24:18.245995","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}