{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3024162587","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2020.2993278","title":"Optimizing Survival Analysis of XGBoost for Ties to Predict Disease Progression of Breast Cancer","display_name":"Optimizing Survival Analysis of XGBoost for Ties to Predict Disease Progression of Breast Cancer","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-05-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3024162587","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2020.2993278","mag":"3024162587","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32406821"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbme.2020.2993278","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2020.2993278","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5240358","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","issn_l":"0018-9294","issn":["0018-9294","1558-2531"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100383827","display_name":"Pei Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3795-6140"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pei Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Big Data Research Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3795-6140","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Big Data Research Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040530807","display_name":"Bo Fu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1632-028X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Big Data Research Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Xiyuan Ave, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1632-028X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Big Data Research Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Xiyuan Ave, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029827598","display_name":"Simon X. Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6888-7993"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79817857","display_name":"University of Guelph","ror":"https://ror.org/01r7awg59","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79817857"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simon X. Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Robotics and Intelligent Systems (ARIS) Laboratory, University of Guelph"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6888-7993","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Robotics and Intelligent Systems (ARIS) Laboratory, University of Guelph","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79817857"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019090390","display_name":"Ling Deng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6614-5515"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24185976","display_name":"Sichuan University","ror":"https://ror.org/011ashp19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391768003","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy","ror":"https://ror.org/00x43yy22","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24185976","https://openalex.org/I4391768003"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ling Deng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis of Breast, Clinical Research Center for Breast, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis of Breast, Clinical Research Center for Breast, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24185976","https://openalex.org/I4391768003"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036867616","display_name":"Xiaorong Zhong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1812-7213"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24185976","display_name":"Sichuan University","ror":"https://ror.org/011ashp19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391768003","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy","ror":"https://ror.org/00x43yy22","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24185976","https://openalex.org/I4391768003"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaorong Zhong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis of Breast, Clinical Research Center for Breast, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis of Breast, Clinical Research Center for Breast, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24185976","https://openalex.org/I4391768003"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100680442","display_name":"Hong Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5802-330X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24185976","display_name":"Sichuan University","ror":"https://ror.org/011ashp19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hong Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis of Breast, Clinical Research Center for Breast, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis of Breast, Clinical Research Center for Breast, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.8749,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":166,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98683865,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"68","issue":"1","first_page":"148","last_page":"160"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.6814000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.6814000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10183","display_name":"Breast Cancer Treatment Studies","score":0.05040000006556511,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1306","display_name":"Cancer Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.020400000736117363,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/breast-cancer","display_name":"Breast cancer","score":0.6858245134353638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oncology","display_name":"Oncology","score":0.5895795226097107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.5063852071762085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine","display_name":"Internal medicine","score":0.5017497539520264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease","display_name":"Disease","score":0.46732062101364136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/survival-analysis","display_name":"Survival analysis","score":0.46560102701187134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cancer","display_name":"Cancer","score":0.42010512948036194}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C530470458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128581","display_name":"Breast cancer","level":3,"score":0.6858245134353638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143998085","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162555","display_name":"Oncology","level":1,"score":0.5895795226097107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5063852071762085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.5017497539520264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.46732062101364136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10515644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q543310","display_name":"Survival analysis","level":2,"score":0.46560102701187134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121608353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078","display_name":"Cancer","level":2,"score":0.42010512948036194}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001943","descriptor_name":"Breast Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001943","descriptor_name":"Breast Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001943","descriptor_name":"Breast Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016019","descriptor_name":"Survival Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016019","descriptor_name":"Survival Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016019","descriptor_name":"Survival Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018450","descriptor_name":"Disease Progression","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018450","descriptor_name":"Disease Progression","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018450","descriptor_name":"Disease Progression","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbme.2020.2993278","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2020.2993278","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5240358","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","issn_l":"0018-9294","issn":["0018-9294","1558-2531"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:32406821","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32406821","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5699999928474426,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1437335841","https://openalex.org/W1558918611","https://openalex.org/W1580788756","https://openalex.org/W1647002864","https://openalex.org/W1678356000","https://openalex.org/W1930298597","https://openalex.org/W1979816698","https://openalex.org/W1980960118","https://openalex.org/W1983275696","https://openalex.org/W1984339331","https://openalex.org/W1995318670","https://openalex.org/W2023126709","https://openalex.org/W2039656279","https://openalex.org/W2045091191","https://openalex.org/W2052825782","https://openalex.org/W2106411961","https://openalex.org/W2123664981","https://openalex.org/W2142951908","https://openalex.org/W2147145576","https://openalex.org/W2155802351","https://openalex.org/W2171720857","https://openalex.org/W2190954851","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2509329385","https://openalex.org/W2587337003","https://openalex.org/W2606471537","https://openalex.org/W2617924944","https://openalex.org/W2802295603","https://openalex.org/W2805734855","https://openalex.org/W2900144270","https://openalex.org/W2901223548","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2913936525","https://openalex.org/W2940689983","https://openalex.org/W2945574311","https://openalex.org/W2962979321","https://openalex.org/W2980030301","https://openalex.org/W3099478002","https://openalex.org/W3102476541","https://openalex.org/W3147894994","https://openalex.org/W4245958676","https://openalex.org/W4249295594","https://openalex.org/W6633604892","https://openalex.org/W6645390883","https://openalex.org/W6676179485","https://openalex.org/W6756696260","https://openalex.org/W6768621889"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2375584271","https://openalex.org/W1997105855","https://openalex.org/W4301030387","https://openalex.org/W2414286769","https://openalex.org/W2013223288","https://openalex.org/W2186113122","https://openalex.org/W1523310174","https://openalex.org/W2989121736","https://openalex.org/W2892677547"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"Some":[1],"excellent":[2,162],"prognostic":[3,163],"models":[4],"based":[5,88],"on":[6,89,203],"survival":[7,70,103,137,241],"analysis":[8,71],"methods":[9],"for":[10,24,50,75,117,136,147,151,240,255],"breast":[11,41,83,259],"cancer":[12,42,260],"have":[13],"been":[14],"proposed":[15,230,245],"and":[16,27,36,96,130,179,183,189,195,220,225],"extensively":[17],"validated,":[18],"which":[19],"provide":[20,251],"an":[21,161,237,252],"essential":[22],"means":[23,254],"clinical":[25,35],"diagnosis":[26],"treatment":[28],"to":[29,77,159,165],"improve":[30],"patient":[31],"survival.":[32],"To":[33],"analyze":[34],"follow-up":[37,256],"data":[38,138,257],"of":[39,57,72,82,109,123,134,171,217,223,258],"12119":[40],"patients,":[43],"derived":[44],"from":[45],"the":[46,79,90,97,132,155,177,180,208],"Clinical":[47],"Research":[48],"Center":[49],"Breast":[51],"(CRCB)":[52],"in":[53,93,102,247],"West":[54],"China":[55],"Hospital":[56],"Sichuan":[58],"University,":[59],"we":[60,153],"developed":[61,156],"a":[62,114,124],"gradient":[63,121],"boosting":[64],"algorithm,":[65],"called":[66],"EXSA,":[67],"by":[68,176],"optimizing":[69],"XGBoost":[73,91,135],"framework":[74,92],"ties":[76],"predict":[78],"disease":[80,167,172,190,263],"progression":[81],"cancer.":[84],"METHODS:":[85],"EXSA":[86,119,157,209,231],"is":[87,174],"machine":[94],"learning":[95,115],"Cox":[98],"proportional":[99],"hazards":[100],"model":[101,164],"analysis.":[104,242],"By":[105],"taking":[106],"Efron":[107],"approximation":[108],"partial":[110],"likelihood":[111],"function":[112],"as":[113,236],"objective":[116],"ties,":[118],"derives":[120],"formulas":[122],"more":[125],"precise":[126],"approximation.":[127],"It":[128],"optimizes":[129],"enhances":[131],"ability":[133],"with":[139,214],"ties.":[140],"After":[141],"retaining":[142],"4575":[143],"patients":[144],"(3202":[145],"cases":[146,150],"training,":[148],"1373":[149],"test),":[152],"exploit":[154],"method":[158,210,232,239,246],"build":[160],"estimate":[166],"progress.":[168],"Risk":[169],"score":[170],"progress":[173,191],"evaluated":[175],"model,":[178],"risk":[181,187],"grouping":[182],"continuous":[184],"functions":[185],"between":[186],"scores":[188],"rate":[192],"at":[193],"5-":[194],"10-year":[196,221],"are":[197],"also":[198],"demonstrated.":[199],"RESULTS:":[200],"Experimental":[201],"results":[202],"test":[204],"set":[205],"show":[206],"that":[207],"achieves":[211],"competitive":[212],"performance":[213],"concordance":[215],"index":[216],"0.83454,":[218],"5-year":[219],"AUC":[222],"0.83851":[224],"0.78155,":[226],"respectively.":[227],"CONCLUSION:":[228],"The":[229,244],"can":[233,250],"be":[234],"utilized":[235],"effective":[238],"SIGNIFICANCE:":[243],"this":[248],"paper":[249],"important":[253],"or":[261],"other":[262],"research.":[264]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":42},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":16}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
