{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2558121610","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2016.2634861","title":"Using Contact Forces and Robot Arm Accelerations to Automatically Rate Surgeon Skill at Peg Transfer","display_name":"Using Contact Forces and Robot Arm Accelerations to Automatically Rate Surgeon Skill at Peg Transfer","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-12-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2558121610","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2016.2634861","mag":"2558121610","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28113295"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbme.2016.2634861","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2016.2634861","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5240358","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","issn_l":"0018-9294","issn":["0018-9294","1558-2531"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024658484","display_name":"Jeremy D. Brown","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5586-455X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jeremy D. Brown","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102250333","display_name":"Conor O\u2019Brien","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Conor E. O'Brien","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics and the Department of Computer and Information ScienceUniversity of Pennsylvania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics and the Department of Computer and Information ScienceUniversity of Pennsylvania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084567940","display_name":"Sarah C. Leung","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801120396","display_name":"Boeing (Australia)","ror":"https://ror.org/0346ase89","country_code":"AU","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1295339012","https://openalex.org/I2801120396"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["AU","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sarah C. Leung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Boeing","Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics and the Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Pennsylvania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Boeing","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801120396"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics and the Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Pennsylvania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077811887","display_name":"Kristoffel R. Dumon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5579-8684"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800191209","display_name":"Pennsylvania Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03mvdc478","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800191209","https://openalex.org/I4210143392"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143392","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania Health System","ror":"https://ror.org/04h81rw26","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210143392"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kristoffel R. Dumon","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pennsylvania Hospital System"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania Hospital System","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143392","https://openalex.org/I2800191209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021244914","display_name":"David I. Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2133-9284"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800191209","display_name":"Pennsylvania Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03mvdc478","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800191209","https://openalex.org/I4210143392"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143392","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania Health System","ror":"https://ror.org/04h81rw26","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210143392"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David I. Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pennsylvania Hospital System"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania Hospital System","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143392","https://openalex.org/I2800191209"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080962480","display_name":"Katherine J. Kuchenbecker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5004-0313"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Katherine J. Kuchenbecker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5024658484"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.8872,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":70,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97298357,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"64","issue":"9","first_page":"2263","last_page":"2275"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10916","display_name":"Surgical Simulation and Training","score":0.9474999904632568,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10916","display_name":"Surgical Simulation and Training","score":0.9474999904632568,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10868","display_name":"Soft Robotics and Applications","score":0.04129999876022339,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11687","display_name":"Teleoperation and Haptic Systems","score":0.00139999995008111,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6254358291625977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.597949743270874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.5937548875808716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-of-learning","display_name":"Transfer of learning","score":0.554932177066803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acceleration","display_name":"Acceleration","score":0.47779378294944763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test","display_name":"Test (biology)","score":0.4665035605430603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robotics","display_name":"Robotics","score":0.46384456753730774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.44380781054496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.44298264384269714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.41387316584587097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.34962254762649536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2989231050014496}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6254358291625977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.597949743270874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.5937548875808716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150899416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820378","display_name":"Transfer of learning","level":2,"score":0.554932177066803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117896860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11376","display_name":"Acceleration","level":2,"score":0.47779378294944763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4665035605430603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34413123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170978","display_name":"Robotics","level":3,"score":0.46384456753730774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.44380781054496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.44298264384269714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.41387316584587097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.34962254762649536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2989231050014496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D002983","descriptor_name":"Clinical Competence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002983","descriptor_name":"Clinical Competence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002983","descriptor_name":"Clinical Competence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008328","descriptor_name":"Man-Machine Systems","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008328","descriptor_name":"Man-Machine Systems","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008328","descriptor_name":"Man-Machine Systems","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013314","descriptor_name":"Stress, Mechanical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013314","descriptor_name":"Stress, Mechanical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013314","descriptor_name":"Stress, Mechanical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013647","descriptor_name":"Task Performance and Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013647","descriptor_name":"Task Performance and Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013647","descriptor_name":"Task Performance and Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D061725","descriptor_name":"Accelerometry","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D061725","descriptor_name":"Accelerometry","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D061725","descriptor_name":"Accelerometry","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D065287","descriptor_name":"Robotic Surgical Procedures","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D065287","descriptor_name":"Robotic Surgical Procedures","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D065287","descriptor_name":"Robotic Surgical Procedures","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D065287","descriptor_name":"Robotic Surgical Procedures","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D065287","descriptor_name":"Robotic Surgical Procedures","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D065287","descriptor_name":"Robotic Surgical Procedures","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D066231","descriptor_name":"Surgeons","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D066231","descriptor_name":"Surgeons","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D066231","descriptor_name":"Surgeons","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbme.2016.2634861","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2016.2634861","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5240358","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","issn_l":"0018-9294","issn":["0018-9294","1558-2531"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:28113295","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28113295","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:escidoc.org:escidoc:2574004","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/21.11116/0000-0001-1F49-C","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407052962","display_name":"Max Planck Digital Library","issn_l":null,"issn":[],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.75}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320312083","display_name":"Intuitive Surgical","ror":"https://ror.org/05g2n4m79"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W204005290","https://openalex.org/W651454386","https://openalex.org/W952135410","https://openalex.org/W1489280848","https://openalex.org/W1493108235","https://openalex.org/W1513648806","https://openalex.org/W1575406964","https://openalex.org/W1587476724","https://openalex.org/W1594031697","https://openalex.org/W1881731092","https://openalex.org/W1951847783","https://openalex.org/W1967579238","https://openalex.org/W1974872502","https://openalex.org/W1981597352","https://openalex.org/W1982605930","https://openalex.org/W1985062867","https://openalex.org/W1985258161","https://openalex.org/W1986011868","https://openalex.org/W1989912492","https://openalex.org/W1995258416","https://openalex.org/W2002785273","https://openalex.org/W2010587689","https://openalex.org/W2023136255","https://openalex.org/W2036781419","https://openalex.org/W2037039547","https://openalex.org/W2052283738","https://openalex.org/W2053894558","https://openalex.org/W2068870225","https://openalex.org/W2072503051","https://openalex.org/W2082820542","https://openalex.org/W2086266713","https://openalex.org/W2097360283","https://openalex.org/W2097540174","https://openalex.org/W2107365982","https://openalex.org/W2119821739","https://openalex.org/W2122825543","https://openalex.org/W2145081273","https://openalex.org/W2146626663","https://openalex.org/W2153635508","https://openalex.org/W2155243985","https://openalex.org/W2160845839","https://openalex.org/W2160899683","https://openalex.org/W2166927776","https://openalex.org/W2169292395","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W3081791202","https://openalex.org/W4238530616","https://openalex.org/W4239510810","https://openalex.org/W4243781580","https://openalex.org/W4294541781"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1508899372","https://openalex.org/W1989791859","https://openalex.org/W2390829436","https://openalex.org/W1971289376","https://openalex.org/W2565094479","https://openalex.org/W602859758","https://openalex.org/W2379101322","https://openalex.org/W2039460805","https://openalex.org/W4250956039","https://openalex.org/W2726447019"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"Most":[1],"trainees":[2],"begin":[3],"learning":[4,143,161,232],"robotic":[5,72,92,205],"minimally":[6],"invasive":[7],"surgery":[8,93],"by":[9],"performing":[10],"inanimate":[11,243],"practice":[12,245],"tasks":[13],"with":[14,63,101,108,177],"clinical":[15],"robots":[16],"such":[17,40],"as":[18,233],"the":[19,60,64,67,71,77,124,151,166,178,183,225],"Intuitive":[20],"Surgical":[21],"da":[22,103],"Vinci.":[23],"Expert":[24],"surgeons":[25],"are":[26],"commonly":[27],"asked":[28],"to":[29,94,174,224],"evaluate":[30],"these":[31,118,238],"performances":[32],"using":[33,214],"standardized":[34],"five-point":[35],"rating":[36],"scales,":[37],"but":[38],"doing":[39],"ratings":[41,241],"is":[42],"time":[43,156,221],"consuming,":[44],"tedious,":[45],"and":[46,74,76,140,155,196,220],"somewhat":[47],"subjective.":[48],"This":[49],"paper":[50],"presents":[51],"an":[52],"automatic":[53,239],"skill":[54,90,203,240],"evaluation":[55],"system":[56],"that":[57,145,170],"analyzes":[58],"only":[59],"contact":[61],"force":[62,184],"task":[65,78,244],"materials,":[66],"broad-bandwidth":[68],"accelerations":[69],"of":[70,88,98,123,128,236],"instruments":[73],"camera,":[75],"completion":[79],"time.":[80],"METHODS:":[81],"We":[82,228],"recruited":[83],"N":[84],"=":[85],"38":[86],"participants":[87],"varying":[89],"in":[91,172],"perform":[95],"three":[96,115],"trials":[97,119],"peg":[99,206],"transfer":[100,207],"a":[102,234,247],"Vinci":[104],"Standard":[105],"robot":[106],"instrumented":[107],"our":[109],"Smart":[110],"Task":[111],"Board.":[112],"After":[113],"calibration,":[114],"individuals":[116],"rated":[117,211],"on":[120,150,165,246],"five":[121],"domains":[122],"Global":[125],"Evaluative":[126],"Assessment":[127],"Robotic":[129],"Skill":[130],"(GEARS)":[131],"structured":[132],"assessment":[133],"tool,":[134],"providing":[135,237],"ground-truth":[136],"labels":[137],"for":[138],"regression":[139,190,213],"classification":[141],"machine":[142,160],"algorithms":[144],"predict":[146],"GEARS":[147,192],"scores":[148,164,193],"based":[149],"recorded":[152],"force,":[153,218],"acceleration,":[154,219],"signals.":[157],"RESULTS:":[158],"Both":[159],"approaches":[162],"produced":[163],"reserved":[167],"testing":[168],"sets":[169],"were":[171],"good":[173],"excellent":[175],"agreement":[176],"human":[179],"raters,":[180],"even":[181],"when":[182],"information":[185],"was":[186],"not":[187],"considered.":[188],"Furthermore,":[189],"predicted":[191],"more":[194],"accurately":[195],"efficiently":[197],"than":[198],"classification.":[199],"CONCLUSION:":[200],"A":[201],"surgeon's":[202],"at":[204],"can":[208],"be":[209],"reliably":[210],"via":[212],"features":[215],"gathered":[216],"from":[217],"sensors":[222],"external":[223],"robot.":[226,249],"SIGNIFICANCE:":[227],"expect":[229],"improved":[230],"trainee":[231],"result":[235],"during":[242],"surgical":[248]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-29T09:16:38.111599","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
