{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2129261084","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2011.2135351","title":"Automated Segmentation of the Lumbar Pedicle in CT Images for Spinal Fusion Surgery","display_name":"Automated Segmentation of the Lumbar Pedicle in CT Images for Spinal Fusion Surgery","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-04-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2129261084","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2011.2135351","mag":"2129261084","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21693388"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbme.2011.2135351","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2011.2135351","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5240358","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","issn_l":"0018-9294","issn":["0018-9294","1558-2531"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100626972","display_name":"Jongwon Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0836-5250"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123900574","display_name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04xysgw12","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jongwon Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Robotics Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Kyungbuk 790-784, Korea. samjong2@postech.ac.kr","Robot. Lab., Pohang Univ. of Sci. & Technol., Pohang, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Robotics Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Kyungbuk 790-784, Korea. samjong2@postech.ac.kr","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Robot. Lab., Pohang Univ. of Sci. & Technol., Pohang, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100459302","display_name":"Sung Min Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7490-5126"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4575257","display_name":"Hanyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/046865y68","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sungmin Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea","Dept. of Biomed. Eng., Hanyang Univ., Seoul, South Korea#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Biomed. Eng., Hanyang Univ., Seoul, South Korea#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100713155","display_name":"Young Soo Kim","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4575257","display_name":"Hanyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/046865y68","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Young Soo Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea","Dept. of Neurosurg., Hanyang Univ., Seoul, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Neurosurg., Hanyang Univ., Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020648634","display_name":"Wan Kyun Chung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2715-5320"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123900574","display_name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04xysgw12","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wan Kyun Chung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Robotics Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Kyungbuk, South Korea","Robot. Lab., Pohang Univ. of Sci. & Technol., Pohang, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Robotics Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Kyungbuk, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Robot. Lab., Pohang Univ. of Sci. & Technol., Pohang, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100626972"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.3083,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87842628,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"58","issue":"7","first_page":"2051","last_page":"2063"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14510","display_name":"Medical Imaging and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14510","display_name":"Medical Imaging and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12386","display_name":"Advanced X-ray and CT Imaging","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10522","display_name":"Medical Imaging Techniques and Applications","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spinal-canal","display_name":"Spinal canal","score":0.6138323545455933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lumbar","display_name":"Lumbar","score":0.5848066210746765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spinal-fusion","display_name":"Spinal fusion","score":0.544200599193573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thresholding","display_name":"Thresholding","score":0.5312663912773132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lumbar-vertebrae","display_name":"Lumbar vertebrae","score":0.4923316240310669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.4647865295410156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.45670294761657715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.45002490282058716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vertebra","display_name":"Vertebra","score":0.42732343077659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-guided-surgery","display_name":"Image-guided surgery","score":0.41290831565856934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.40456509590148926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.36143168807029724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiology","display_name":"Radiology","score":0.3093211054801941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surgery","display_name":"Surgery","score":0.23846566677093506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.1409965455532074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spinal-cord","display_name":"Spinal cord","score":0.10026156902313232}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779326565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q781983","display_name":"Spinal canal","level":3,"score":0.6138323545455933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44575665","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1293405","display_name":"Lumbar","level":2,"score":0.5848066210746765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780375110","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q770609","display_name":"Spinal fusion","level":2,"score":0.544200599193573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191178318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2256906","display_name":"Thresholding","level":3,"score":0.5312663912773132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779835254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q405478","display_name":"Lumbar vertebrae","level":3,"score":0.4923316240310669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.4647865295410156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.45670294761657715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.45002490282058716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776412215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180323","display_name":"Vertebra","level":2,"score":0.42732343077659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777017458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4011334","display_name":"Image-guided surgery","level":2,"score":0.41290831565856934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.40456509590148926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.36143168807029724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.3093211054801941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.23846566677093506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.1409965455532074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780775167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9606","display_name":"Spinal cord","level":2,"score":0.10026156902313232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001863","descriptor_name":"Bone Screws","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001863","descriptor_name":"Bone Screws","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001863","descriptor_name":"Bone Screws","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008159","descriptor_name":"Lumbar Vertebrae","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008159","descriptor_name":"Lumbar Vertebrae","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008159","descriptor_name":"Lumbar Vertebrae","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008159","descriptor_name":"Lumbar Vertebrae","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008159","descriptor_name":"Lumbar Vertebrae","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008159","descriptor_name":"Lumbar Vertebrae","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008159","descriptor_name":"Lumbar Vertebrae","qualifier_ui":"Q000601","qualifier_name":"surgery","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008159","descriptor_name":"Lumbar Vertebrae","qualifier_ui":"Q000601","qualifier_name":"surgery","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008159","descriptor_name":"Lumbar Vertebrae","qualifier_ui":"Q000601","qualifier_name":"surgery","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013123","descriptor_name":"Spinal Fusion","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013123","descriptor_name":"Spinal Fusion","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013123","descriptor_name":"Spinal Fusion","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014057","descriptor_name":"Tomography, X-Ray Computed","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014057","descriptor_name":"Tomography, X-Ray Computed","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014057","descriptor_name":"Tomography, X-Ray Computed","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D025321","descriptor_name":"Surgery, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D025321","descriptor_name":"Surgery, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D025321","descriptor_name":"Surgery, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbme.2011.2135351","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2011.2135351","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5240358","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","issn_l":"0018-9294","issn":["0018-9294","1558-2531"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:21693388","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21693388","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:oasis.postech.ac.kr:2014.oak/17234","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://oasis.postech.ac.kr/handle/2014.oak/17234","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401965","display_name":"Open Access System for Information Sharing (Pohang University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I123900574","host_organization_name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1514207599","https://openalex.org/W1974696817","https://openalex.org/W1979064019","https://openalex.org/W1983461308","https://openalex.org/W1994020170","https://openalex.org/W2013895367","https://openalex.org/W2018189647","https://openalex.org/W2021203202","https://openalex.org/W2023297597","https://openalex.org/W2032003086","https://openalex.org/W2069267524","https://openalex.org/W2072547850","https://openalex.org/W2084806705","https://openalex.org/W2092482885","https://openalex.org/W2098152234","https://openalex.org/W2100269120","https://openalex.org/W2103275591","https://openalex.org/W2104095591","https://openalex.org/W2106780881","https://openalex.org/W2108824264","https://openalex.org/W2109222411","https://openalex.org/W2109245518","https://openalex.org/W2113735126","https://openalex.org/W2116114647","https://openalex.org/W2133537747","https://openalex.org/W2134723866","https://openalex.org/W2135390890","https://openalex.org/W2140072113","https://openalex.org/W2143751762","https://openalex.org/W2146905946","https://openalex.org/W2150718503","https://openalex.org/W2158522771","https://openalex.org/W2170126048","https://openalex.org/W2170527165","https://openalex.org/W2331318729","https://openalex.org/W2410471765","https://openalex.org/W2536366654","https://openalex.org/W3023411394","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6679670634","https://openalex.org/W6680483105","https://openalex.org/W6681516056","https://openalex.org/W6682683668","https://openalex.org/W6684973550"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2042184203","https://openalex.org/W2890364223","https://openalex.org/W2384103792","https://openalex.org/W2792470259","https://openalex.org/W2555894182","https://openalex.org/W2386466200","https://openalex.org/W2188111606","https://openalex.org/W2366913889","https://openalex.org/W2033231421","https://openalex.org/W34687878"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Exact":[0],"information":[1],"about":[2],"the":[3,25,28,32,37,47,69,76,81,104,127,134,137],"shape":[4],"of":[5,27,36,83,136,151,167,175],"a":[6,42,64,108,171],"lumbar":[7,48,70,78,149],"pedicle":[8,49,71,79,139,189],"can":[9],"increase":[10],"operation":[11],"accuracy":[12],"and":[13,34,74,131,170,192],"safety":[14],"during":[15],"computer-aided":[16],"spinal":[17,138,155],"fusion":[18],"surgery,":[19],"which":[20,67],"requires":[21],"extreme":[22],"caution":[23],"on":[24,126,147],"part":[26],"surgeon,":[29],"due":[30],"to":[31,102],"complexity":[33],"delicacy":[35],"procedure.":[38],"In":[39],"this":[40],"paper,":[41],"robust":[43],"framework":[44,58,143],"for":[45,187],"segmenting":[46],"in":[50,80,107,162],"computed":[51],"tomography":[52],"(CT)":[53],"images":[54],"is":[55,122,140],"presented.":[56],"The":[57],"that":[59],"has":[60,144],"been":[61,145],"designed":[62],"takes":[63],"CT":[65],"image,":[66],"includes":[68],"as":[72],"input,":[73],"provides":[75],"segmented":[77,129],"form":[82],"3-D":[84],"voxel":[85],"sets.":[86],"This":[87,142],"multistep":[88],"approach":[89],"begins":[90],"with":[91],"2-D":[92],"dynamic":[93],"thresholding":[94],"using":[95,117],"local":[96],"optimal":[97],"thresholds,":[98],"followed":[99],"by":[100],"procedures":[101],"recover":[103],"spine":[105,188],"geometry":[106],"high":[109],"curvature":[110],"environment.":[111],"A":[112],"subsequent":[113],"canal":[114,132],"reference":[115],"determination":[116],"proposed":[118],"thinning-based":[119],"integrated":[120],"cost":[121],"then":[123],"performed.":[124],"Based":[125],"obtained":[128],"vertebra":[130],"reference,":[133],"edge":[135],"segmented.":[141],"tested":[146],"84":[148],"vertebrae":[150],"19":[152],"patients":[153],"requiring":[154],"fusion.":[156],"It":[157],"was":[158],"successfully":[159],"applied,":[160],"resulting":[161],"an":[163],"average":[164],"success":[165],"rate":[166],"93.22":[168],"%":[169,186],"final":[172],"mean":[173],"error":[174],"0.14":[176],"\u00b1":[177],"0.05":[178],"mm.":[179],"Precision":[180],"errors":[181,195],"were":[182,196],"smaller":[183],"than":[184],"1":[185],"volumes.":[190],"Intra-":[191],"interoperator":[193],"precision":[194],"not":[197],"significantly":[198],"different.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-01-13T01:12:25.745995","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}