{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2098537243","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2011.2112360","title":"Subnanosecond Electric Pulses Cause Membrane Permeabilization and Cell Death","display_name":"Subnanosecond Electric Pulses Cause Membrane Permeabilization and Cell Death","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-02-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2098537243","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2011.2112360","mag":"2098537243","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21303739"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbme.2011.2112360","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2011.2112360","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5240358","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","issn_l":"0018-9294","issn":["0018-9294","1558-2531"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060627338","display_name":"Shu Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0375-8373"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I81365321","display_name":"Old Dominion University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zjtrb98","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shu Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA. sxiao@odu.edu","[Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Old Dominion Univ., Norfolk, VA, USA]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA. sxiao@odu.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Old Dominion Univ., Norfolk, VA, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024979833","display_name":"Siqi Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7280-7888"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I81365321","display_name":"Old Dominion University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zjtrb98","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siqi Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Frank Reidy Research Center of Bioelectrics, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA","Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Frank Reidy Research Center of Bioelectrics, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021521929","display_name":"Vasyl Nesin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I81365321","display_name":"Old Dominion University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zjtrb98","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vasyl Nesin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Frank Reidy Research Center of Bioelectrics, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA","Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Frank Reidy Research Center of Bioelectrics, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057362562","display_name":"Richard Heller","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1899-3859"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I81365321","display_name":"Old Dominion University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zjtrb98","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard Heller","raw_affiliation_strings":["Frank Reidy Research Center of Bioelectrics, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA","Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Frank Reidy Research Center of Bioelectrics, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045768131","display_name":"Karl H. Schoenbach","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7867-7773"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I81365321","display_name":"Old Dominion University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zjtrb98","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karl H Schoenbach","raw_affiliation_strings":["Frank Reidy Research Center of Bioelectrics, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA","Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Frank Reidy Research Center of Bioelectrics, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5060627338"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.0748,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":86,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92893836,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"58","issue":"5","first_page":"1239","last_page":"1245"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11455","display_name":"Microbial Inactivation Methods","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1305","display_name":"Biotechnology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11455","display_name":"Microbial Inactivation Methods","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1305","display_name":"Biotechnology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11842","display_name":"Ultrasound and Cavitation Phenomena","score":0.9607999920845032,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11255","display_name":"Microfluidic and Bio-sensing Technologies","score":0.9595999717712402,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-field","display_name":"Electric field","score":0.6599194407463074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diode","display_name":"Diode","score":0.5759583711624146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.5659580826759338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/membrane-potential","display_name":"Membrane potential","score":0.5635191798210144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/membrane","display_name":"Membrane","score":0.5311022400856018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cell-membrane","display_name":"Cell membrane","score":0.5007889270782471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pulse","display_name":"Pulse (music)","score":0.4891860783100128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biophysics","display_name":"Biophysics","score":0.4844644069671631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conductance","display_name":"Conductance","score":0.4539905786514282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.44831401109695435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pulse-repetition-frequency","display_name":"Pulse repetition frequency","score":0.4236887991428375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.36031341552734375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.3199446201324463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.21736660599708557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.14497900009155273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/condensed-matter-physics","display_name":"Condensed matter physics","score":0.070585697889328}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60799052","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46221","display_name":"Electric field","level":2,"score":0.6599194407463074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78434282","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11656","display_name":"Diode","level":2,"score":0.5759583711624146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.5659580826759338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181911157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q389844","display_name":"Membrane potential","level":2,"score":0.5635191798210144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41625074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176088","display_name":"Membrane","level":2,"score":0.5311022400856018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778106830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29548","display_name":"Cell membrane","level":3,"score":0.5007889270782471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780167933","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1550652","display_name":"Pulse (music)","level":3,"score":0.4891860783100128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12554922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7100","display_name":"Biophysics","level":1,"score":0.4844644069671631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121932024","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5159376","display_name":"Conductance","level":2,"score":0.4539905786514282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.44831401109695435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182862853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q575887","display_name":"Pulse repetition frequency","level":3,"score":0.4236887991428375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.36031341552734375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.3199446201324463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.21736660599708557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.14497900009155273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26873012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214781","display_name":"Condensed matter physics","level":1,"score":0.070585697889328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001761","descriptor_name":"Bleomycin","qualifier_ui":"Q000493","qualifier_name":"pharmacokinetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001761","descriptor_name":"Bleomycin","qualifier_ui":"Q000493","qualifier_name":"pharmacokinetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001761","descriptor_name":"Bleomycin","qualifier_ui":"Q000493","qualifier_name":"pharmacokinetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002463","descriptor_name":"Cell Membrane Permeability","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002463","descriptor_name":"Cell Membrane Permeability","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002463","descriptor_name":"Cell Membrane Permeability","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002470","descriptor_name":"Cell Survival","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002470","descriptor_name":"Cell Survival","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002470","descriptor_name":"Cell Survival","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003584","descriptor_name":"Cytological Techniques","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003584","descriptor_name":"Cytological Techniques","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003584","descriptor_name":"Cytological Techniques","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004553","descriptor_name":"Electric Conductivity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004553","descriptor_name":"Electric Conductivity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004553","descriptor_name":"Electric Conductivity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013696","descriptor_name":"Temperature","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013696","descriptor_name":"Temperature","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013696","descriptor_name":"Temperature","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013997","descriptor_name":"Time Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013997","descriptor_name":"Time Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013997","descriptor_name":"Time Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018274","descriptor_name":"Electroporation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018274","descriptor_name":"Electroporation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018274","descriptor_name":"Electroporation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D045744","descriptor_name":"Cell Line, Tumor","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D045744","descriptor_name":"Cell Line, Tumor","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D045744","descriptor_name":"Cell Line, Tumor","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D051379","descriptor_name":"Mice","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D051379","descriptor_name":"Mice","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D051379","descriptor_name":"Mice","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tbme.2011.2112360","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tbme.2011.2112360","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5240358","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","issn_l":"0018-9294","issn":["0018-9294","1558-2531"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:21303739","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21303739","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1505286634","https://openalex.org/W1590042501","https://openalex.org/W1904722209","https://openalex.org/W1969959009","https://openalex.org/W1973142530","https://openalex.org/W1976339696","https://openalex.org/W1979908488","https://openalex.org/W1981579055","https://openalex.org/W2019897405","https://openalex.org/W2058367304","https://openalex.org/W2060932689","https://openalex.org/W2063730861","https://openalex.org/W2066916815","https://openalex.org/W2073344004","https://openalex.org/W2079384846","https://openalex.org/W2082781273","https://openalex.org/W2089985908","https://openalex.org/W2096643612","https://openalex.org/W2103245465","https://openalex.org/W2103268264","https://openalex.org/W2106955112","https://openalex.org/W2111409695","https://openalex.org/W2115068665","https://openalex.org/W2125422001","https://openalex.org/W2146526868","https://openalex.org/W2146996882","https://openalex.org/W2148238641","https://openalex.org/W2166855537","https://openalex.org/W2175210372","https://openalex.org/W2535895491","https://openalex.org/W2889911854"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2035271760","https://openalex.org/W2144661048","https://openalex.org/W166353894","https://openalex.org/W2030970284","https://openalex.org/W2055385333","https://openalex.org/W2061523378","https://openalex.org/W2490415708","https://openalex.org/W3216766086","https://openalex.org/W2095582817","https://openalex.org/W2109048288"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Subnanosecond":[0],"electric":[1,6],"pulses":[2,41],"(200":[3],"ps)":[4],"at":[5,67],"field":[7],"intensities":[8],"on":[9,57],"the":[10,16,39,58,65,96,104,110,128,133],"order":[11],"of":[12,18,32,38,50,74],"20":[13],"kV/cm":[14],"cause":[15],"death":[17],"B16.F10":[19],"murine":[20],"melanoma":[21],"cells":[22,81],"when":[23],"applied":[24],"for":[25],"minutes":[26],"with":[27,101],"a":[28,48,115,124],"pulse":[29],"repetition":[30],"rate":[31],"10":[33],"kHz.":[34],"The":[35],"lethal":[36],"effect":[37],"ultrashort":[40],"is":[42,98,123,135],"found":[43],"to":[44,77,93,103,132],"be":[45],"caused":[46],"by":[47],"combination":[49],"thermal":[51],"effects":[52],"and":[53],"electrical":[54],"effects.":[55],"Studies":[56],"cellular":[59],"level":[60],"show":[61],"increased":[62],"transport":[63],"across":[64],"membrane":[66,86,112,121],"much":[68],"lower":[69],"exposure":[70],"times":[71],"or":[72],"number":[73],"pulses.":[75],"Exposed":[76],"2000":[78],"pulses,":[79],"NG108":[80],"exhibit":[82],"an":[83],"increase":[84,119],"in":[85,120],"conductance,":[87],"but":[88],"only":[89],"allow":[90],"transmembrane":[91],"currents":[92],"flow,":[94],"if":[95],"medium":[97],"positively":[99],"biased":[100],"respect":[102],"cell":[105,111],"interior.":[106],"This":[107,118],"means":[108],"that":[109],"behaves":[113],"like":[114],"rectifying":[116],"diode.":[117],"conductance":[122],"nonthermal":[125],"process,":[126],"since":[127],"temperature":[129],"rise":[130],"due":[131],"pulsing":[134],"negligible.":[136]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-04-01T17:29:45.350535","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}